Jv 3 



Studies in 
English Grammar 




EVA L. GREGG 



■ ■ ■ ■ ... - ;..,; V v.; , 



Studies in English 
Grammar 



By 

?Etm C <6r*gg 

Assistant Professor of English in Iowa State 
Normal School, Cedar Falls, Iowa 



SECOND EDITION 



Republican Printing Co. 
cedar rapids, iowa 

1904 






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FEB 13 1905 

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COPY B. 



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Copyright, 1904 
By Eva L. Gregg 



PREFACE 

The author believes the sentence to be the starting point in 
the study of the English language, because the sentence places 

^ language before the student in its natural relation to thought; 

D- and the separation of the sentence into its fundamental parts, 
subject, predicate, complement and modifiers, with an intelligent 

f* \nderstanding of the thought relation which one part bears to 
another, should precede an examination of the properties of the 

A parts of speech. With this thought in view, the first part of the 
book has been devoted to sentence structure, and the exercises 
\ used are those which experience has demonstrated to be the best 
. comprehended by the student. 

Too much stress can not be placed upon the work of analysis. 
$ It recognizes an aim in the ufee of language, and shows that the 
forms of expression are intended only to bring out the larger, 
richer thought. 

In the second part, a detailed study of the parts of speech 
begins and continues through the chapter, with classifications 
and inflections of the parts of speech, together with appropriate 
exercises to bring out the variety of thought. 

The purpose of this book is not to supplant the text-book, 
but to be an intelligent guide to the study of numerous texts, 
thereby familiarizing the student with a broader view of the 
subject than it is feasible for one text to gu r e. The book is 
designed especially for Normal schools and advanced high 
schools, but it is hoped it may be a valuable means of self-help 
to teachers in the lower grades and in the country schools. 

The author wishes to acknowledge her indebtedness for 
helpful suggestions to Miss Nellie Wallbank's "Outlines and 
Exercises in English Grammar/' and also to Miss Mary E. 
Simmons, professor of English language in the Iowa State 
Normal School, for valuable criticism. 

Eva L. Gregg. 
October i, 1904. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 



PAGE 

Studies in English Grammar 9 

The English Language . . , 9 

Why So Called 9 

Early Home of English 9 

Norman Conquest 9 

Old English Compared with Modern ....... 9 

Growth of the English Language 9 

Good English 10 

Sentences in General 10 

Ideas 10 

Phrases . , . 10 

The Sentence. « 10 

Classification 10 

Principal Elements of the Sentence 11 

Subject 11 

Predicate 11 

Complement 12 

Modifiers 23 

Object Complement 15 

Subjective Complement 14 

Objective Complement 18 

Exercises on Complements 20 

Modifiers 24 

Noun Modifiers 23 

Adjective Modifiers 23 

' Adverbial Modifiers 23 

Exercises on Indirect Object and Adverbial Noun 30-32 

Independent Elements 36 



6 table of contents 

Prepositional Phrase 25 

1. Uses 25 

2. Exercises 26 

Verbal 36 

Infinitive 36 

Participle 37 

Exercises on the Infinitive . . . . 41 

Exercises on the Participle 39 

The Adjective Clause 47 

The Adverbial Clause 52 

The Noun Clause 56 

The Abridged Clause 60 

Complex Sentences for Analysis 65 

Compound Sentences for Analysis , 

Miscellaneous Sentences for Analysis 68 

Parts of Speech 83 

The Noun. 83 

Its Properties 84 

The Pronoun 89 

Its Properties , . 90 

Notes on the Use of Pronoun 92 

Exercises in Case 93 

Exercises in Gender, Number, and Person . . 98 

Declensions of Nouns and Pronouns 99 

The Adjective. 100 

Notes on the Use of Adjectives 101 

Exercises 102 

The Verb 104 

Classified According to Meaning 104 

Classified According to Form 105 

Properties of the Verb 107 

Tense 107 

Mode 108 

Voice in 



table of contents 7 

Verbs That Have Passive Form 112 

Passive Verbs That Take Subjective Complements 112 

Passive Verbs That Take Object Complements.. 113 
Object of Preposition Made the Subject of a 

Passive Verb 113 

Exercises 114 

Number and Person of Verbs 116 

Notes 1 16 

Exercises 117 

Notes on the Use of Shall, Will, Would and Should 1 20 

Exercises , 121 

Conjugation , 123 

The Verbal t 124 

Classes 124 

Properties 125 

Exercises , 126 

The Adverb 128 

Classes , 128 

Exercises 129* 

The Preposition. 132:; 

Exercises 1 32: 

The Conjunction , , 135 

Classes , 135 

Exercises 135 

The Interjection , . 137 

Words Having Several Different Uses , . 138 



LIST OF REFERENCE BOOKS 



1. Buehler's A Modern English Grammar. 

2. Kittredge & Arnold's The Mother Tongue, Book II. 

3. Mead's The English Language and Its Grammar. 

4. Lyte's Grammar and Composition. 

5. Brown and De Garmo's Elements of English Grammar. 

6. Southworth & Goddard's Elements of Composition and 
Grammar. 

7. Powell & Connolly's A Rational Grammar of the Eng- 
lish Language. 

8. Maxwell's Advanced Lessons in English Grammar. 

9. McHenry's Practical Lessons in Grammar. 

10. Baskervill and Sewell's An English Grammar. 

11. Bain's A Higher English Grammar. 

12. Conklin's English Grammar and Composition. 

13. Kimball's The Structure of the English Sentence. 

14. Reed & Kellogg's High School Grammar. 

15. Allen's A School Grammar of the English Language. 

16. Gowdy's English Grammar. 

17. Sheldon's Advanced Language Lessons. 

18. Longman's School Grammar. 

19. Harvey's Revised English Grammar. 

20. Carpenter's Principles of English Grammar. 

21. Metcalf's English Grammar for the Common Schools. 

22. Swinton's Grammar. 

23. Whitney's Essentials in English Grammar. 

24. Greene's Grammar of the English Language. 

25. Holbrook's New English Grammar. 

26. Kerl's Comprehensive English Grammar. 

27. Clark's The Normal Grammar. 

28. Hoenshel's Advanced Grammar. 

29. Patterson's Advanced Grammar and Elements of 
Rhetoric. 

30. Milne's An English Grammar. 

31. Davenport and Emerson's The Principles of Grammar. 

32. Raub's A Practical English Grammar. 

33. Greenwood's Studies in English Grammar. 

34. Welsh's Lessons in English Grammar. 

35. Wisely's A New English Grammar. 



Studies in English Grammar 



INTRODUCTION. 

The English Language. 

1. Why so called? 

Derived from what? 

2. Early Home of English. 

Taken to England about 449 a. d. 
By Angles, Saxons and Jutes. 
Changes made by them. 

3. The Norman Conquest. 

By William, Duke of Normandy. 

Time, 1066. 

Changes in government and consequent changes in 

language. 
Effect of those changes. 

4. Old English Compared with Modern. 

Spelling. 

Arrangement of words in sentences. 

5. Growth of the English language. 

From British words. 

From Latin words found there and from Latin books. 

From Danish words. 

From Norman French words. 

From various other languages. 

From discoveries, inventions and sciences. 



10 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

6. Good English. 
What is it? 
How secured? 

SENTENCES IN GENERAL. 
Ideas. 

Words are the signs of ideas, — "book," "fan." 

Phrases. 

1. Mere groups of words denoting related ideas. 

A rainy day. A brave soldier. 

2. Prepositional Phrases. 

Of New York, in the country. 

3. Infinitive Phrases. 

To live a noble life, to be a scholar. 

4. Participial Phrases. 

Painting pictures, being honest. 

5. Phrase Noun. 

Duke of York. Prince of Wales. 

6. Phrase Adjectives. 

Up-to-date, matter-of-fact. 

7. Phrase Adverbs. 

By and by. now and then, in general. 

8. Phrase Preposition. 

By means of. in case of. 

9. Verb Phrase. 

Might have gone, could have been seen. 

Sentences. 

Words so related as to form a complete thought. 

CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES. 

According to form. 

Simple, complex and compound. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR II 

According to meaning. 

Declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamatory. 

PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS OF A SENTENCE. 

i. Subject. 

2. Predicate. 

3. Complement. 

4. Modifier. 

I. SUBJECT. 

Form, — Word, Phrase or Clause. 

1. Word. 

Noun, — The picture is beautiful. 
Pronoun, — He is a giant. 
Adjective, — The good are great. 
Adverb, — Now is the accepted time. 
Participle, — Lying is debasing. 

2. Phrase. 

Prepositional Phrase. 

Toward the east is toward my home. 
Verbal Phrase. 
Infinitive Phrase. 

To fight battles is the soldier's duty. 
Participial Phrase. 
Hearing the signal, hurried them on. 

3. Clause. 

That you are right is clear. 

4. Abridged Clause. 

His being here prevented our going. 

II. PREDICATE. 
Verb. 

The child learns. 



12 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

Verb-phrase. 

The child might have been learning. 

III. COMPLEMENT. 

Kinds. 

Object Complement. 
Subjective Complement. 
Objective Complement. 

OBJECT COMPLEMENT. 

Words that take Object Complements. 

i. Transitive Active Verbs. 

The Emperor gained the victory. 

2. Infinitives. 

To read history is a pleasure. 

3. Participles. 

Painting pictures was his only work. 

Forms of the Object Complement. 

1. Word. 

Noun, — Mary studies Latin. 

Pronoun, — We saw him. 

Participle,— Ruth enjoys singing. 
Adjective, — We admire the good. 

2. Phrase. 

Infinitive, — Children love to play games. 
Participial, — Ruth enjoys singing songs. 

3. Noun Clause. 

Whittier believed that the slaves should be free. 

4. Abridged Clause. 

We expect him to go at once. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 13 

QUESTIONS. 

Define object complement. Give examples of all the forms 
of object complement except that of abridged clause. What 
verbs take object complements? Give two other tests for the 
object complement. What is a cognate object? Consult refer- 
ences. What is a reflexive object? 

Form sentences using Object Complements after the 
following verbs and verbals : — 



produce 


can pay 


to see 


laid 


reward 


to think 


set 


will choose 


to read 


has 


did have 


sending 


can learn 


proved 


hearing 


raise 


lived 


singing 



Point out the Object Complements, and test, by 
changing the verb to the passive voice: — 



1 
2 

3 
4 
5 
6, 

7 

toise. 

8 

9 
10 



The curfew tolls the knell of parting day. 

The snow laid a coverlet over the leaves. 

I watched the noiseless work of the snow. 

They sang the songs of his life's glad morning. 

The lily had folded her satin leaves. 

Have you seen the pictures in the gallery? 

What a slow way you have! said the Hare to the Tor- 



The city of Genoa has long narrow streets. 
Did you see the fireplace in Whittier's old home? 
No track nor pathway might declare 
That human foot frequented there. — Scott. 
11. I could see the cathedral from my window. 



14 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

12 We wished to see the sunset from the top of Mount Rigi. 

13. A good man loves to do good. 

14. They treated rich and poor alike. 

15. The robin is building his nest in the old apple tree. 

16. We wished to see Hilda's Tower in Rome. 

17. Elizabeth signed Queen Mary's death warrant. 

18. He is enjoying his study. 

19. We saw him in his office. 

20. Ruth enjoys painting. 

21. She wished to finish the picture. 

22. They knew that she would come. 

23. The Negroes are picking cotton. 

24. We visited an old-fashioned kitchen. 

25. Have you ever visited Mount Vernon? 

26. In the year 1759 General Wolfe tried to take Quebec. 

27. The man regrets having wasted his time. 

28. The Indians made canoes and baskets. 

29. The French soon gained a foothold in Canada. 

30. Lee's disobedience caused the retreat of Washington. 

31. The trees are shedding their leaves. 

SUBJECTIVE COMPLEMENT. 

Words that take Subjective Complements. 

1. Verbs of being. 

The man is honest. 

2. Verbs of state of being. 

The weights hung speechless. 

3. Verbs in the passive voice. 

Harry was elected captain. 

4. Infinitives. 

To be an orator was his desire. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 15 

5. Participles. 

Being a miser, he hoarded his money. 

Forms of the Subjective Complement. 

1. Word* 

Noun, — Tennyson was a poet. 

Pronoun, — It was they. 

Adjective, — The rose is beautiful. 

Participle as noun, — Seeing is believing. 

Participle as adjective, — Her manner is charming. 

2. Phrase. 

Infinitive phrase, as noun, — To see is to believe. 
Infinitive phrase, as adjective, — Their efforts seemed 

to fail. 
Participial phrase, as noun, — Rest is not being idle. 
Participial phrase, as adjective, — The man stood 

sleeping soundly. 
Prepositional phrase, as noun, — Out of sight is out of 

mind. 
Prepositional phrase, as adjective, — His character is 

above reproach. 

3. Clause. 

Noun clause, — The fact is that he was unworthy of 
praise. 

How to distinguish the Subjective Complement. 

1. If a noun element, — word, phrase or clause, — follows a 
verb of being, state of being, or a verb in the passive voice, and 
represents the same thing as the subject, it is a Subjective Com- 
plement. 

2. If it is an adjective element, — word or phrase, — and 
belongs to the subject, it is a Subjective Complement. 



i6 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 



Form sentences using a Subjective Complement af- 
ter each of the following verbs and verbals. Use the 
different forms of the complement: — 

may be will be elected 



was 



became 


lay 


might be chosen 


stood 


seem 


has been made 


hung 


be 


may be called 


lived 


is 


might be struck 


seeming 


to be 


to appear 


to become 


being 
QUESTIONS. 


appearing 



Define Subjective Complement. Why do only verbs of 
being, state of being, and passive voice verbs take subjective 
complements? How is it that the passive verb takes a subjective 
complement? By what other terms is it called? Consult refer- 
ences. 

Point out the Subjective Complements and apply 
the tests: — 

i. "All in the Trosach's glen was still." 

2. The path of truth is a plain and safe one. 

3. He went out a private, but returned a captain. 

4. Man is the noblest work of God. 

5. He appears happy in his work. 

6. Labor may be made a blessing. 

7. And his heart grew warm within him, 

And his moistening eye grew dim. — Whittier. 

8. These are Clan- Alpine's warriors true; 
And, Saxon, — I am Roderick Dhu. — Scott. 

9. Toussaint l'Ouverture was the hero of San Domingo. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR If 

io. It is in vain to extenuate the matter. 

ii. These are the gardens of the desert. 

12. Being a Frenchman, he is familiar with the fact. 

13. To be a careful reader is very desirable. 

14. The fact is that he will go mad. 

15. They are very skillful in selecting the pictures. 

16. The spider's web was too weak to hold the flies. 

17. A great mind is a great fortune. 

18. Time should be regarded as a sacred trust. 

19. General Gates was considered a traitor. 

20. Fulton's steamboat was called the Clermont. 

21. The question is, What shall we do? 

22. Faneuil Hall is called "the cradle of liberty." 

23. Was Andre's execution justifiable? 

24. The officers grew impatient at the long delay. 

25. Calm and clear the day dawned. 

26. Thousands of men lay lifeless on the battlefield. 

27. The Amen of Nature is always a flower. — 0. W. Holmes* 

28. The boy might have been an artist. 

29. Wm. Pitt was the friend of the American Colonists. 

30. The old man seemed unhappy. 

31. Charles Lee turned traitor to the American Cause. 

32. Garfield was elected President in 1880 

33. The groves were God's first temples. — Bryant 

34. The Princess looked very beautiful. 

35. Which is your favorite American poet? 

36. A contented mind is a continual feast. 

37. Such a person is beneath your notice. 

38. Those books are of great value. 

39. The workman's tools are of iron. 

40. He seems to be innocent. 

41. The noblest vengeance is to forgive. 



l8 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

OBJECTIVE COMPLEMENT. 

Words that take Objective Complements. 

Only a few verbs and verbals may take Objective Comple- 
ments; as, call, choose, name, make, select, etc., with their verbal 
forms. 

i. Verbs. 

They elected him senator. 

2. Infinitives. 

To choose him chairman was the work of a moment. 

3. Participles. 

Keeping the child quiet was her duty. 

Forms of the Objective Complement. 

1. Word. 

Noun, — The club elected Clarence president. 
Pronoun, — What did they name the town? 
Adjective, — They painted the ship white. 

2. Phrase. 

Prepositional Phrase, — They found the soldier in 
distress. 

How to distinguish the Objective Complement. 

1. If a noun element, (a word or phrase not used apposi- 
tively,) follows the object complement and represents the same 
thing as the object complement, it is an Objective Complement. 

2. If it is an adjective element, (a word or phrase) and 
modifies the object complement, it is an Objective Complement. 

Form sentences using an Objective Complement 
after each verb and verbal : — 

drank employed had struck 

struck regard can bleach 

make held have made 

call renders considered 

to select to name calling 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 19 

QUESTIONS. 

What is an objective complement? What form may it 
take? How may it be made a subjective complement? Are 
participles and infinitives used as objective complements? What 
is a Factitive object? Consult references. 

Point out the Objective Complements and apply the 
tests : — 

1. Napoleon crowned himself Emperor. 

2. They have made their home beautiful. 

3. What did they call the place? 

4. They found the child in great distress. 

5. Idleness will not make one great. 

6. The gardener made the walk straight. 

7. Such work will make him manly. 

8. They attempted to crown him king. 

9. Self-esteem has made her unlovable. 

10. Keeping the light bright is his only duty. 

11. He succeeded in making himself disliked by all. 

12. Macaulay calls liberty of discussion a safeguard of other 
liberties. 

13. James called him his friend. 

14. That practice has made him very skillful. 

15. We were pleased to find her in excellent spirits. 

16. They left the man in comfortable circumstances. 

17. He kept his honor unsullied. 

18. Alexander's conquests did not make him happy. 

19. The judge called him a criminal. 

20. The noise will drive them mad. 

21. You must keep the water hot. 

22. That boy we call Doctor; and this we call Judge. — 0. 
W. Holmes. 

23. The long hours of toil made them dissatisfied. 



20 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

24. The Nobles made the Prince their leader. 

25. To make the silver bright was a difficult task. 

26. He once called the man his friend. 

27. History calls Sir Philip Sidney the darling of the Eng- 
lish court and the flower of English chivalry. 

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES ON COMPLEMENTS. 

1. We had the pleasure of seeing the city. 

2. He seems ready to do the work for them. 

3. They know he is trying to do it well. 

4. Attempting too much and doing too little is a common 
cause of failure. 

5. To discover the genius of a child requires talent. 

6. I found her in the garden reading Plato. 

7. You cannot expect to win victories by doing nothing. 

8. "All the air a solemn stillness holds." 

9. Henry VII was the founder of the Tudor dynasty. 

10. Richter said, "I love God and little children." 

11. "Charge for the guns!" he said. 

12. Virtue alone is happiness below. 

13. A book is a sure friend, always ready at your pleasure. 
— Emerson. \ 

14. I know that my Redeemer liveth. 

15 Portions of the brain may be cut off without producing 
pain. 

16. To study a nest is to make an acquaintance. — Olive T. 
Miller. . 

17. The guillotine hushed the eloquent, struck down the 
powerful and abolished the beautiful and the good. 

18. He promised to do better in future. 

19. The Niobe of nations! there she stands, 

Childless and crownless in her voiceless woe. — Byron. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 21 

20. How poor, how rich, how abject, how august, 
How complicate, how wonderful is man! 

21. To waste time is folly. 

22. He became master of the provinces of Ulster, and was 
solemnly crowned King of Ireland. 

23. Some one has called the eye the window of the soul. 

24. Giving to the poor is lending to the Lord. 

25. The people called the Duke of Wellington par-excellence. 

26. Wellington always knew exactly what he could do, and 
Napoleon often confounded his ambitions with his capacities. — 
McCarthy. 

27. He was fortunate and was deserving. 

28. One finds that theories fail. 

29. They accused them of breaking windows. 

30. They found the soldiers in distress. 

31. Prosperity had made her vain; adversity brought her 
to her mind again. 

32. Having expressed himself thus confidently, he reined 
his horse backward down the slope. — Scott. 

33. She came, singing the songs of gladness. 

34. The work is of the utmost importance to him. 

35. Out of sight is out of mind. 

36. The picture is of great value. 

37. Trying to do a good deed is doing a good deed. 

38. A voice saith, "What is that to thee?" 

39. He fell a sacrifice to sloth and luxury. 

40. Character is what we are, reputation is what others 
think we are. 

41. We mutually pledge to each other our lives, our for- 
tunes and our sacred honor. 

42. Sweet mercy is nobility's true badge. 

43. Lamb said, "I love to lose myself in other men's minds." 



22 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

44. To cease to change is to cease to live. 

45. Astronomers believe that the stars are suns. 

46. The belief of astronomers is that the stars are suns. 

47. Everybody admits that Cromwell was a great leader. 

48. Justice, Sir, is the great interest of man on earth. 

49. Education is necessary to make men good citizens. 

50. Keeping the children quiet was her only duty. 

51. A man he seems of cheerful yesterdays and confident 
to-morrows. — Wordsworth. 

52. Is trying to become a soldier difficult? 

53. To resist evil by evil is evil. 

54. The captain saved the ship by throwing the cargo over- 
board. 

55. The governor expects to pardon the criminal. 

56. The old hermit seemed to be very eccentric. 

57. He could not avoid doing the work. 

58. His father's sword he girded on. 

59. Some persons wished to make Washington king. 

60. My master is of churlish disposition, and little cares to 
find the way to heaven by doing deeds of hospitality. — Shakes- 
peare. 

61. The hill-range stood 
Transfigured in the silver flood. 

62. Frozen apples become little cider-vats. — Thoreau. 

63. Every need of a man is the reverse of a promise of God. 

64. The Athenians punished the idle as criminals. 

65. She carried her head high and tried to appear uncon- 
cerned. 

66. They know why he says it is untrue. 

67. His life was spent in trying to make others happy. 

68. Richelieu has been called the architect of the French 
monarchy, and the great parent of French civilization. 

69. % Who shall say he is beyond the pale of mercy? 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 23 

IV. MODIFIERS. 

Classes According to Form. 

1. Word, — noun, pronoun, adjective, adverb and parti- 

ciple. 

2. Phrase, — prepositional and adverbial. 

3. Clause, — adjective and adverbial. 
Classes According to Use. 

1. Adjective. 

2. Adverbial. 

3. Noun. 

1. Adjective Modifiers. 

1. Word. 

Adjective, — The clear bright day is ended. 
Participle, — The child reading is Clara. 

2. Phrase. 

Prepositional Phrase, — A purse of gold was given 

to him. 
Participial, — The lady playing the piano is my friend.. 
Infinitive, — It was a picture to charm the eye. 

3. Clause. 

Adjective Clause, — The man whom they met was Paul. 

2. Adverbial Modifier. 

1. Word. 

Adverb, — They moved slowly along. 

2. Phrase. 

Prepositional Phrase, — The deer ran across the alley. 
Participial, — Having zvarned them, he departed. 
Infinitive, — We came to see yon. 
Indirect Object, — Take the book to her. 
Adverbial Noun, — They went last Monday. 

3. Clause. 

Adverbial Clause, — We shall go when the time comes. 



24 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

3. Noun and Pronoun Modifiers. 

1. Possessive, 

Harvey's book is on the stair. 
Her task is completed. 

2. Appositive. 

Burns, the poet, was Scotch. 

We gave it to Mary, her, whom you met yesterday. 

Point out the Possessive and the Appositive Modi- 
fiers : — 

1. Whose books are these? 

2. Snow Bound, the poem, was written by Whittier. 
.3. His books were left in your brother's room. 

4. I, myself, will go. 

5. I, John, saw these things. 

6. We stopped at Mr. Brown's. 

7. Beethoven, the great musician, was deaf. 

8. My task, to teach, is a pleasant one. 

9. Your success in life is chiefly in your own hands. 

10. Washington saved the child from drowning — a heroic 
atct 

11. He sank to the depths of disgrace — to the convict's 
celL 

12. He spent four years in college — an equipment neces- 
sary for his work. 

13. Have you read "Childe Harold," a poem, by Byron? 

14. We have three great bulwarks of liberty; viz., the 
common schools, colleges and universities. 

15. Harry's sister's friend had come to visit them. 

16. Some men bear prosperity wisely — a difficult task. 

17. Let us do this, our father's wish. 

18. Two things show the wisdom of nations; viz., good 
laws and a prudent management of them. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 2$ 

19. The shout went up — "The Union, it must be pre- 
served!" 

20. And Harold stands upon the place of skulls, 
The grave of France the deadly Waterloo. 

— Byron. 
THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE. 

Forms of the Prepositional Phrase. 

1. Simple, — That is the course of wisdom, 

2. Complex, — Several eminent writers lived in the age of 

Elizabeth. 

3. Compound, — Good manners are the blossom of good 

sense and of good feeling. 

Uses of the Prepositional Phrase. 

1. Modifiers. 

1. Adjective. 

A thing of beauty is a joy forever. 

2. Adverbial. 

The stag ran across the valley. 

2. Complements. 

1. Subjective Predicate Noun. 

Toward our home is toward the east. 

2. Subjective Predicate Adjective. 

His character is above reproach. 

3. Objective Predicate Adjective. 

They found him in good spirits. 

3. Subject. 

Toward our home is east. 

4. Base of a Proposition. 

The water came from between the rocks. 

5. Independent. 

By the way, have you read Ben Hur? 



26 STUDIES IN ENGIvISH GRAMMAR 

Forms that the base of the preposition make take. 

1. Word. 

Noun, — Go into the house. 

Pronoun, — They were behind him. 

Adjective, — Look on high. 

Adverb, — It did not come until now. 

Participle, — We gain knowledge by reading. 

2. Phrase. 

Prepositional, — It came from behind the tree. 
Participial, — She is happy in doing good. 
Infinitive, — It was about to leave us. 

3. Clause. 

Noun, — Listen to what she is saying. 

QUESTIONS. 

Define a prepositional phrase. How does it differ from such 
phrases as, a rainy day, a good child, etc.? What forms may the 
base of the phrase take? May a prepositional phrase be used 
appositively? 

ORDER FOR ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES. 

The Simple Sentence. 

1. Classify according to meaning. 

2. Give the base of the sentence. (The subject, verb, and 

complement unmodified). 

3. Give all the modifiers of the subject in the order of their 

importance, with the modifiers of these words. 

4. Give all the modifiers of the verb in the same way. 

5. Give all the modifiers of the complement in the same 

way. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 27 

The Complex Sentence. 

i. Classify according to form and meaning. 

2. Separate the sentence into independent and dependent 

clauses. 

3. Be careful to treat Adjective and Adverbial clauses as 

modifiers. 

4. Analyze each clause as you would the simple sentence. 
5.' Give the connective; state its offices in the clause, and 

tell with what word or words it connects the clause. 

The Compound Sentence. 

1. Analyze the members of the sentence as you would the 

simple sentence. 

2. Show how the members are connected. 

ANALYZE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES. 

1. In the 'Old Curiosity Shop/ Dickens tells of the death 
of Little Nell. 

2. They found Washington's army in great need. 

3. None are left save this alone. 

4. Columbus started toward the west in search of India. 

5. The river flows through the heart of the city. 

6. Lincoln came from the people. 

7. The speaker was on his guard. 

' 8. Good manners are not for state occasions, but the 
natural garment of every day. 

9. He influenced others by the sheer force of his good 
nature. 

10. With many readers, brilliancy of style passes for afflu- 
ence of thought. 

11. They kept the park in good condition. 

12. Falsehood is of slight texture. 



28 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

13. The wrong party was in power at the time of the 
decision. 

14. Time is regarded by wise men as the most precious 
of all possessions. 

15. Across the fields in the early morning I hear some of 
the rare April birds. — Burroughs. 

16. The robin goes to housekeeping in the old cherry-tree. 

17. The guards of the King stood just below the gate. 

18. Moderate exercise conduces to the preservation of the 
health. 

19. An autocrat is above the control of law. 

20. The gloomy door of death is unlocked to the prayers 
of none. 

21. By the streets of By-and-By, one arrives at the house 
of Never. 

22. The axis of the earth sticks out visibly through the 
center of each and every town or city. — Holmes. 

23. On a beautiful September morning, a ship sailed out 
of the harbor of New York. 

24. A mind of splendor is often concealed under a gafb of 
poverty. 

25. She felt perfectly at home in the presence of kings and 
queens. 

26. He went over the mountains on a certain day in early 
boyhood. 

27. In fact, I do not like the book. 

28. They found the prisoners in excellent spirits. 

29. New York, on the contrary, abounds in men of wealth. 

30. By the way, what did he say about it- 

31. That vessel is of wood, but this one is of iron. 

32. The hero of the book of Job came from a strange land 
and of strange parentage. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 29 

33. The ships of Sir Francis Drake rode at anchor in the 
calm waters of the inlet. 

34. The garment was without a seam. 

35. Toward the earth's center is called down. 

36. The study of Greek is a training in mental discipline. 

37. The boat lay becalmed in the waters of the Sargasso 
Sea. 

38. Out of sight is not always out of mind. 

39. Sound policy is never at variance with substantial 
justice. 

40. He seemed beyond the pale of mercy. 

41. She was still in the bloom of youth. 

42. They found his character above suspicion. 

43. A beautiful red color is made from the bodies of insects. 

44. From his trust in God, William of Orange derived 
support and consolation in the darkest hours. — Motley. 

45. Of his moral qualities, the most prominent was his 
piety. 

46. In the darkest hours of his country's peril, Washington 
never lost hope. 

47. On the whole, the poets have not been eminently suc- 
cessful in depicting spring. — Burroughs. 

48. Is not the style of an author the manners of his soul? 
— Burroughs. 

49. Before genius is manliness, and before beauty is power. 
— Burroughs. 

50. A good memory for names and faces is a priceless 
possesison. 

51. Obedience to parents was a common virtue among the 
Romans. 

52. Igneous rocks cover thousands of square miles of the 
western slope of the Rocky Mountains. 



30 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

53. By his victory at Rossbach Frederick the Great recov- 
ered the whole of Saxony. 

54. These delicates he heaped with glowing hand 
On golden dishes and in baskets bright 

Of wreathed silver. — Keats. 

55. He knew no motive but interest; acknowledged no 
criterion but success. — Life of Napoleon, Philipps. 

56. In the rear of the house, from the garden gate, ran a 
pathway through the great groves of oak, to the skirts of the 
limitless prairies. 

57. Truth is brought to light by time and reflection. 

58. He is in earnest and he will succeed in his work. 

59. Those exercises were considered among the most useful 
in the language. 

60. Listen carefully to what we are saying. 

61. You said nothing about why you did not go. 

62. Has the child any thought of why it smiles? 

63. By doing the work, he is sure of getting the place. 

64. We had no wish but to go on. 

65. The ride through the mountains was one of great pleas- 
ure to us. 

INDIRECT OBJECT. 

The Indirect Object is used as an adverbial modifier and is 
equivalent to a phrase with to, for, or of, understood. 
Bring me the book, (to me.) 
The tailor made him a coat, (for him.) 
He is like his father, (to his father.) 

Words that take Indirect Objects. 

1. Verbs. 

Take Harry the pencil. 

2. Infinitives. 

To give Mary the book was a kindness. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

Participles. 

Giving him the position was unjust. 

Adjectives. 

Ruth is unlike Clara. 
Pictures like that are rare. 

Adverbs. 

They fought like brave men. 
She sat opposite me. 



3i 



QUESTIONS. 

Do all verbs take Indirect Objects? If not, why? 

Give the adjectives and adverbs that take Indirect Objects. 

How do some authors use the words like and near? 

Give the adjective uses of like and unlike. How are parti- 
ciples used as Indirect Objects ? 

Define Indirct Object. To what is it equivalent? How 
does it modify the verb or verbal? How the adjective or 
adverb? What prepositions may be used with it ? Illustrate 
by sentences. 

Form sentences to show how these words take In- 
direct Objects : — 



take 


teach 


lend 


.tell 


send 


throw 


paid 


promise 


get 


grant 


giving 


selling 


give 


pass 


to give 


to pay 


ask 


like 


refused 


opposite 


show 


unlike 


read 


next 


leave 


near 


refusing 


sending 


make 


nigh 


to leave 


to offer 



32 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

ADVERBIAL NOUN. 

The Adverbial noun is a noun element expressing time* 
place, measure, value, extent, etc., which is used as an adverbial 
modifier. 

They will go next week. 

The child went home. 

The book cost a dollar. 

Words that Adverbial Nouns modify. 

i. Verbs. 

They went yesterday. 

2. Infinitives. 

He wishes to go to-morrow. 

3. Participles. 

Having walked ten miles, he is weary. 

4. Adjectives. 

The room is twelve feet wide and twenty feet long. 

5. Adverbs. 

They perished ages ago. 

Participles used as Adverbial Nouns. 

Those pictures were well worth seeing. 
Such work is worth doing well. 

QUESTIONS. 

What is an Adverbial Noun? Why is it so called? What 
does it modify? Illustrate by sentences. Why is it sometimes 
called an elliptical phrase? Consult the references for Indirect 
Object and Adverbial Noun. How are participles used as 
Adverbial Nouns? 



home 


Monday- 


feet 


miles 


years 


days 


hour 


to-morrow 


seeing 


hearing 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 33 

Form sentences, using these words as Adverbial 
Nouns. 

yesterday 

dollar 

ages 

step 

doing 

Analyze the following sentences, paying special 
attention to Indirect Obects and Adverbial Nouns : — 

1. Pretty brook, sing us your farewell song. 

2. All obedience worth the name, 
Must be prompt and ready. 

3. The picture was given to him by the artist. 

4. Napoleon was made First Consul for life, August 3, 
1802. 

5. To-morrow, we shall visit the Pantheon. 

6. A moment more, 

And he reached his home. — Willis. 

7. A few days later, they came home. 

8. What is all this worth? 

9. A pardon was granted the man by the governor. 

10. No kindness was shown the prisoners. 

11. Some remuneration will be allowed them for the work. 

12. Give me neither poverty nor riches. 

13. They sat opposite me. 

14. The book cost a dollar but it is not worth fifty cents. 

15. The snail crawled a yard an hour. 

16. Ascham taught Lady Jane Grey the Greek language. 

17. A few years ago colleges were not open to women. 

18. The retreat began a day later. 

19. Tell him he must not come a step nearer. 



34 STUDIKS IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

20. He should have gone twenty miles an hour. 

21. Men like Washington were rare. 

22. He left a year ago last June. 

23. It was like trying to walk on water. 

24. Sir Philip Sidney gave a dying soldier a cup of water. 

25. The deer came near the edge of the wood. 

26. Burned Marmion's swarthy cheek like fire. — Scott 

27. Centuries ago the Chinese understood printing. 

28. Her trip to Europe was worth the sacrifice. 

29. The king gave the ministers large gifts, the day of his 
coronation. 

30. He tried to give his son an education. 

31. By throwing the mob his purse and jewels the man 
escaped. 

32. The snow fell all day long yesterday, and the drifts 
are six feet high on the prairie. 

33. "Home they brought the warrior dead." 

34. They crossed the mountains three times that summer. 

35. The weather is like a spoiled child. 

36. Lend the poor man a dollar. 

37. The wall is ten feet six inches high, and two feet six 
inches thick. 

28. They traveled sixty miles an hour all day. 

39. The Dome of St. Peter's is fifty feet wider and sixty 
feet higher than that of St. Paul's. 

40. God puts our prayers, like rose leaves, between the 
leaves of his book of remembrance. — Spurgeon. 

41. No storm like this was ever seen before. 

42. He sent his daughter home that way. 

43. The ship sails all night long. 

44. I gave him a dollar a bushel for his wheat and ten 
cents a pound for his sugar. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 35 

45. Sept. 23, 1779, Captain Paul Jones engaged the Serapis 
in battle. 

46. Your advice is worth nothing to him now. 

47. Hanna Moore, the authoress, taught Lord Macaulay 
the common school branches. 

48. Bunker Hill monument is a granite obelisk, 221 feet 
in height. 

49. That is like hunting game without finding it. 

50. Disputes about the meaning of words have cost mil- 
lions of lives. 

51. The setting of a great hope is like the setting of the 
sun. — Longfellow. 

52. They rushed to battle like thirsty wolves to a spring. 

53. The opposing forces were almost opposite each other. 

54. Cortez besieged the City of Mexico seve.nty-five days, 
but it surrendered Aug. 13, 1521. 

55. He looked like a great man, and not like a bad one. 

56. They were in New York Saturday, and will be there 
again tomorrow. 

57. Unlike Chatterton, Crabbe had a firm trust in Provi- 
dence. 

58. A shape, unlike anything ever seen before, appeared 
to him. 

. 59. In 1784, Amsterdam bankers refused to lend the United 
States $300,000. 

60. The ice will be frozen several inches thick to-night, 
and to-morrow it will afford the skaters excellent sport. 

61. A part of the wall, fifty feet long and twelve feet high, 
could be seen from the top of the hill. 

62. Our friends went to Chicago yesterday, but they will 
return some time next week. 

63. Livingstone taught himself Latin grammar. 



36 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

64. They fought like brave men, long and well. 

65. Sometimes his voice would deepen like the sound of 
distant thunder. 

66. A thing worth doing at all, is worth doing well. 

67. That is like working without receiving reward. 

4. INDEPENDENT ELEMENTS. 

Point out the Independent Elements : — 

1. "Flow gently, Sweet Afton, among the green braes." 

2. To sum up, there was none of them correct. 

3. On! on! exclaimed the hero. 
' 4. Why! did he do that? 

5. The child, strange as it seems, was not injured. 

6. No, it was not so bad as that. 

7. O Rome! my country ! city of the soul. — Byron. 

8. John, will you close the door? 

9. There is no doubt that it is true. 

10. Arches on arches! as it were that Rome, 
Collecting the chief trophies of her line, 
Would build up all her triumphs in one dome — 
Her Colliseum stands. — Byron. 

VERBALS. 

Classes, — Participles and Infinitives. 

Uses of the Participle. 

1. Modifiers. 

Adjective modifier. 

The army, defeated, fell back. 
Adverbial modifier. 

Having received assistance, he continued his studies. 



STUDIES IN ENGUSH GRAMMAR 7>7 

2. Complements. 

Object Complement. 

We should avoid giving offense. 
Subjective Predicate Adjective. 

The child lay sleeping. 
Subjective Predicate Noun. 

His great pleasure is skating on the lake. 

3. Subject. 

Hearing the result did not discourage him. 

4. Appositive. 

It is pleasant, learning to row. 

5. Principal word in a Prepositional Phrase. 

We receive good by doing good. 

6. Independent. 

Speaking of books, do you like Ramona? 

7. Indirect Object. 

That is like working without reward. 

8. Adverbial Noun. 

A thing worth doing at all is worth doing well. 

Uses of the Infinitive. 

1. Modifiers. 

Adjective modifier. 

That is a trap to catch rabbits. 
Adverbial modifier. 

I called to see you. 

2. Complements. 

Object Complement. 

They expect to know the truth. 
Subjective Predicate Adjective. 

He seems to be diligent. 
Subjective Predicate Noun. 

Our wish is to see the picture. 



38 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

3. Subject. 

To be happy is our duty. 

4. Appositive. 

It is a great pleasure, to read good books. 

5. Principal word in a Prepositional Phrase. 

He asks nothing but to know the facts. 

6. Independent. 

To be honest, he is a rogue. 

Change the Participles and Infinitives to Clauses. 

1. The lady singing is my friend. 

2. Hearing the signal, he started up. 

3. It was money laid away for his use. 

4. The message sent yesterday, was received. 

5. The battle once lost could not be won again. 

6. Having finished the work, he went away. 

7. That picture, once seen can never be forgotten. 

8. What person, knowing this, can believe him guilty? 

9. We called to get the book. 

10. The soldiers, wounded and dying, lay on the field. 

11. Having completed his studies, he returned home. 

12. They have nothing to ask. 

Infinitives without the sign to expressed. 

Please bring me the book. 
Let my people go. 
Dare they say he will not do it? 
You need not wait for us. 

QUESTIONS. 

Distinguish between the participle used as a mere noun and 
the participial noun. 

He teaches singing. 
He enjoys reading aloud. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 39 

Distinguish between the participle used as a mere adjective 
and the participial adjective. 

The singing bird is beautiful. 

The bird singing in the tree is beautiful. 

How may participles be changed to adjective or adverbial 
clauses? Define infinitive and participial phrases. When is 
the infinitive used without the sign "to" expressed? Give ex- 
amples of all the uses of the infinitive and participle. 

Note. — The infinitive and participle as predicate of the 
abridged clause will be discussed under that head. 

USES OF THE PARTICIPLE. 

Analyze the Sentences: — 



1 
2 

3 
4 

5 
6 

7 
8 

9 

10, 
11 

12 

13 
14 
15 
16 

17 



Listening to good music is very enjoyable. 

I heard the whistling. 

The music is entertaining. 

True worth is in being, not seeming. 

The wounded were taken to the hospital. 

Making promises is not keeping them. 

Buying goods on credit caused his failure. 

Such a story was not worth relating. 

The speakers were received with ringing cheers. 

The bell ringing from the steeple aroused the people. 

Toiling, rejoicing, sorrowing, 

Onward through life he goes. — Longfellow. 

The trench dug across the street is full of water. 

Completely exhausted, we could go no farther. 

Have you ever tried modeling in clay? 

Her greatest joy is doing good to others. 

Nature is best conquered by obeying her. 

It was a real pleasure, climbing the mountains. 



40 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

1 8. He comes attended by his friends. 

19. The Indian, having warned them by these words, de- 
parted. 

20. The car came rattling along. 

21. What person, seeing this, does not blush? 

22. Across the ocean came a pilgrim bark bearing the seeds 
of life and death. 

23. The bridge was only loose planks, laid upon large tres- 
tles. 

24. He lived retired from the busy world, devoted to study 
and meditation. 

25. And children coming home from school 
Look in at the open door. — Longfellow. 

26. We went into a dingy room lined with books and 
littered with papers. 

27. Putting self in second place 

Yields a wealth of gentle grace. — Kingle. 

28. Animated by the hope of winning the victory, the 
soldiers marched on. 

29. Here I shall behold the rising of the great light. 

30. He lived unnnoticed by the world. 

31. Admitting a wrong will not make it right. 

32. The miser kept grubbing and saving and starving. 

33. That kind of work is worth doing well. 

34. That new book is well worth reading. 

35. Talking of exercise, do you enjoy tennis? 

36. The Coliseum was capable of seating ninety thousand 
persons. 

37. The fat of the body is fuel laid away for use. 

38. Reading aloud is an accomplishment. 

39. That is like paying for a thing and not getting it. 

40. The setting of a great hope is like the setting of the sun. 

41. Time misspent is time lost. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 41 

42. One may become a good writer by studying the works 
of good authors. 

43. The farmer having caught the boys stealing fruit, pun- 
ished them. 

44. By reporting the news he made himself famous. 

45. It was very pleasant, visiting the old ruins at Kenil- 
worth. 

46. It seemed like the ceasing of exquisite music. 

47. The book received yesterday was read with care. 

48. The dog lay sleeping in the sun. 

49. Soldiers came riding over the hill. 

50. It was not worth thinking about. 

51. The tombs were often hollow places hewn out of the 
rock. 

52. Having lost our guide, we returned to the village. 

USES OF THE INFINITIVE. 

Analyze the Sentences : — 

1. To speak truly, I did not know him. 

2. He failed to keep his pledge. 

3. To be happy is our duty. . 

4. He tried to write a description of the object. 

5. To be entirely just is almost impossible. 

6. It is not the way to right a wrong, to tell lies about it. 

7. He wished to appeal to Caesar. 

8. No way remained to him but to go on. 

9. We shall strive to please you. 

10. To reign is worth ambition. 

11. To breathe this mountain air is delightful. 

12. The child wishes to tell the story of Hiawatha. 

13. His only desire is to see them happy. 

14. His desire to know the facts prompted the search. 



42 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

15. To be sure, he did not expect to go so soon. 

16. I loved to study in the garden. 

17. I should like to read the book. 

18. He is much to be censured for his behavior. 

19. To be plain, he is not to be trusted. 

20. He did nothing but complain about it. 

21. The lady seems to be worthy of the place. 

22. We called to see you yesterday. 

23. We shall endeavor to do our best. 

24. To waste time in youth is to want it in old age. 

25. Please do me the favor. 

26. Please go with me to get the book. 
2J. Who does not love to hear good music? 

28. To obey is sometimes better than to command. 

29. This will be a hard lesson to learn. 

30. It is sinful to speak deceitfully. 

31. He is about to sell his farm. 

32. He has the courage to venture. 

33. All things went to suit me. 

34. It is not all of life to live nor all of death to die. 

35. No way remained but to stay there until nightfall. 

36. Several attempts to assassinate William the Silent were 
unsuccessful. 

37. It is natural to believe in great men. 

38. It is always safe to learn, even from our enemies. 

39. It is folly to think of that now. 

40. To obey his commandments is to honor God. 

41. Please remember to prepare the work carefully. 

42. It is easy to sugar to be sweet and to niter to be salt. — 
Emerson. 

43. None named him but to praise. 

44. Nature and fortune joined to make him great. 

45. It was just the place to go for the summer. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 43 

46. Your friends called to inquire for you, and will come 
to see you to-morrow. 

47. We expect to know the result soon. 



48, 

49 
50. 
5i 

52 
53 

54 



Harmony seemed to reign throughout the country. 

It is his wish to go to Oxford to study. 

The men refused to go to work again. 

To foresee consequences is to be wise. 

He did nothing but waste his time. 

To falter now is to exhibit the greatest weakness. 

To speak truly, it seemed useless to do the work. 

MISCELLANEOUS SENTENCES ON VERBALS. 



1. We learn to do by doing. 

2. The wise and active conquer difficulties by daring to 
attempt them. 

3. Expecting to receive a letter telling me of the accident, 
I waited a day later. 

4. The package received yesterday, is to be sent to the 
missionaries working in India. 

5. They scattered in dismay only to gather together again, 
reinforced by several hundred. 

6. Enraptured with the beautiful scenery, he determined 
to explore the country. 

7. It was like trying to catch fish with a pin-hook. 

8. We promised to be there ready to receive any person 
coming from the camp. 

9. There seems to be no danger of applying this rule too 
rigidly. 

10. Sir Philip Sidney was said to be the finest gentleman 
in England. 

11. The reward of one duty performed, is the power to 
fulfill another. — George Eliot. 



44 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

12. He dared not refuse, and consented, after trying to 
make a few vain excuses. 

13. I love to watch the clouds go sailing by. 

14. Hearing a ship pounding on the rocks, he went to help 
the sailors. 

15. It is human nature to take delight in exciting admira- 
tion. 

16. Not to wear one's best things every day is a maxim 
of New England thrift. 

17. He had nothing to do but to spend the money left him 
by his father. 

18. Authors must not, like Chinese soldiers, expect to win 
victories by turning somersets in the air.- — Longfellow. 

19. He woke to die midst flame and smoke, 
And shout and groan and saber-stroke, 

And death shots falling thick and fast. — Halleck. 

20. We have come to acknowledge the aid imparted and to 
own the important part taken by the naval ships of both coun- 
tries. 

21. To refuse to do a bad thing is to do a good one. 

22. Exhausted, I lay down on the ground to wait their 
coming. 

23. The listening crowd waited to hear the last word. 

24. To be sure, it was only a pretext for removing the old 
house. 

25. The firm expects to be moving out to-morrow. 

26. The atrocious crime of being a young man, I shall at- 
tempt neither to palliate nor deny. — Pitt's Reply to Walpole. 

27. She stood before her father's gorgeous tent. 
To listen for his coming. — N. P. Willis. 

28. The beggar, on receiving it, poured forth blessings 
without number. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 45 

29. He woke to hear his sentries shriek, 

To arms! they come! the Greek! the Greek! — Halleck. 

30. This is not to be obtained by one or two hasty readings. 

31. The country has nothing to fear from a man of his 
character. 

32. Her work, teaching music, she seems to enjoy. 

33. The boy came running to meet us. 

34. He was about to return to his native land. 

35. Cornwallis was surprised to hear firing in the direction 
of Princeton. 

36. The change brought by these years is too remarkable 
to be passed over without commenting upon it. 

37. He is about to start to the mountains to spend a month 
in hunting and fishing. 

38. Having been absent yesterday, he finds the lesson diffi- 
cult to learn. 

39. After pounding away for some time, the bird stopped 
to rest. 

40. Teach me to feel another's woe. 

41. See, winter comes to rule the varied year, 
Sullen and sad with all his rushing train. 

42. They wish to make a good showing, to enable them to 
retain the leadership. 

ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES. 

1. He can show his moral courage, only by daring to do 
right. 

2. I rambled in the woods to observe the habits of count- 
less feathered multitudes abounding on every side. 

3. "A falcon, towering in her pride of place, 
Was by a mousing owl hawked at and killed. ,, 

4. To try to do one's work well and to be happy in doing 
it is one way to bless mankind. 



46 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

5. A veil of doubt and mistrust came over their faces, like 
a fog, creeping up from the marshes to hide the hills. — Henry 
Van Dyke. \ 

6. The child looked up and smiled, stretching out its rosy- 
hands to grasp the bright gold. 

7. "O, it is excellent, 

To have a giant's strength ; but it is tyrannous 
To use it like a giant." 

8. True knowledge consists in knowing how to do the 
right thing at the right time. 

9. The Prodigal Son did well to repent and return to his 
home. 

10. It was Napoleon endeavoring to advance again, mighty 
somnambulist of a vanished dream. — Victor Hugo. 

11. The falling tree seemed to attract the attention of those 
standing near. 

12. So to live is heaven: 

To make undying music in the world. — George Eliot. 

13. Go forth to meet the solemnities and to conquer the 
trials of existence, believing in a Shepherd of your souls. — 
S. A. Brooke. 

14. In speaking to children we should endeavor to avoid 
all confusing terms. 

15. Pleased to be at home again, he sat for hours telling 
them stories of sea-life. 

16. Nature has taken especial pains to enable the owl to 
fly softly and silently. — Burroughs. 

17. Then I saw the gardens and orchards of Damascus, 
watered by the streams of Abana and Pharpar, with their slop- 
ing swards inlaid with bloom and their thickets of myrrh 
and roses. — Henry Van Dyke. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 47 

18. It is worth while, in the days of our youth, to strive 
hard for great discipline, to pass sleepless nights for it, to give 
up for it laborious days, to spurn for it present pleasures, to 
endure for it afflicting poverty.— Sydney Smith. 

19. Calm, strong, and nobly aglow with love of country, he 
has no need of going into paroxysms in order to prove his 
sincerity. — Boyesen. 

20. Restless, sleepless, unable to read, tired of sitting, 
driven on by the desire to get rid of his own thoughts, he 
started out to walk. — Allen. 

21. "Refreshed and replenished by the silver stream of in- 
spiration, the pulpit has steadily marched through the succeed- 
ing periods of the world's history, tearing down the bulwarks of 
bigotry, error and superstition." 

22. In that calm Syrian afternoon, memory, a pensive 
Ruth, went gleaning the silent fields of childhood, and found 
the scattered grain still golden and the morning sunlight fresh 
and fair. — Curtis. 

This sentence may be said to contain an Abridged Clause. 

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE. 
Use. 

Adjective modifier. 

I rank him with men who speak for justice. 

Classified According to Meaning. 

1. Restrictive Adjective Clauses. 

We saw the picture that you bought. 
That is the child whose book is lost. 
The lady whom you saw, is my friend. 

2. Non-Restrictive Adjective Clauses. 

He gave a glass of water, which the soldier drank 

eagerly. 
We met a policeman, who directed us. 



48 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

Connectives. 

i. Relative Pronouns. 

Who, which, that, as, and but, with the forms of the 
first three. 

The man who is diligent will succeed. 

He is not the man that he should be. 

She is the musician whom we heard. 

Blessed is he whose transgressions are forgiven. 

That is the book to which you referred. 

Such as came were satisfied. 

There is no one but should be happy. 
2. Relative Adverbs. 

Where, when, whereon, wherein, etc. 

That is the city where they live. 

QUESTIONS. 

Show that the relative adverb is equivalent to a preposi- 
tional phrase whose base is a relative pronoun. 

That is the place where they should meet. 
That is the place in which they should meet. 

Show that the relative pronoun has the office of connective 
and of pronoun in the same sentence. Also that the relative 
adverb has the office of connective and adverb in the same 
sentence. 

Form sentences using the relative pronouns and relative 
adverbs in sentences. Pay especial attention to as and but as 
relative pronouns. Consult references for the adjective clause 
as restrictive or non-restrictive. 

Analyze the following sentences, giving especial at- 
tention to the clauses and connectives : — 
I. And every body praised the Duke. 

Who this great fight did win. — Southey. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 49 

2. The place in which the impeachment of Warren Hast- 
ings was conducted, was worthy of such a trial. — Macavday. 

3. He led on; but thoughts 

Seemed gathering round which troubled him. — Willis. 

4. The larger life which some have lived could not be 
sought by him. 

5. There is no one here but remembers him that day. 

6. She gave me such flowers as her garden produced. 

7. Such is the tale which the settlers tell. 

8. Is that the man of whom you spoke? 

9. They are never alone that are accompanied with noble 
thoughts. — Sir Philip Sidney: 

10. They also serve, who only stand and wait. 

11. He is not the captain that he should be. 

12. He is not the man that I thought he was. 

13. That is the artist whom you saw last week. 

14. He is a person whose integrity is unquestioned. 

15. That is a person to whom much can be trusted. 

16. Such as are virtuous are happy. 

17. As many as came were satisfied. 

18. There is no one but should be happy. 

19. That is the place where the violets grow. 

20. Each man whom I saw had a musket. 

21. That is the moment when we must leave. 

22. Your life should be like a snow-flake, which leaves a 
mark but not a stain. 

23. He returned to the place where he spent his childhood. 

24. Such books as I have, I am willing to lend. 

25. I hold the same opinion as my father. 

26. There was not one present but wished himself away. 

27. The moment one task is done, we must begin another. 



SO STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

28. That is no true alms which the hand can hold. 

He gives nothing but worthless gold, 
Who gives from a sense of duty. — Lowell. 

29. Render therefore unto Caesar the things which are 
Caesar's, and unto God the things which are God's. 

30. He is below himself that is not above an injury. 

31. We shall be called upon to bear nothing that has not 
been borne before. 

32. Words, looks, steps and actions form the alphabet by 
which you may spell character. 

33. Men become like that which they love. 

34. "Every effort we make for the happiness of others, lifts 
us above ourselves." 

35. Laws are like cobwebs, where the small flies are caught 
and the great break through. — Bacon. 

36. The moping owl does to the moon complain 

Of such as, wand'ring near her secret bower, 
Molest her ancient solitary reign. — Gray. 

37. We visited the house where Ruskin lived. 

38. There are times when the brain is tired with study and 
thinking. 

39. He gave a good analysis of the book he had lead. 

40. Have you forgotten all the blessings you have enjoyed? 

41. Those persons are most honored whose lives most 
deserve it. 

42. He is a hero staunch and brave, 

Who fights an unseen foe. 

43. I wandered lonely as a cloud 

That floats on high o'er vales and hills. — Wordsworth. 

44. Read from some humbler poet, 

Whose songs gushed from his heart.— Longfellow. 

45. Not a soldier discharged his farewell shot, 

O'er the grave where our hero was buried. — Wolfe. 



STUDIES IN ENGUSH GRAMMAR 5 1 

46. Grass overgrows the spot where the pride and power 
and wealth of Rome sat down to its barbarous entertainment. 

47. I have but one lamp by which my feet are guided, and 
that is the lamp of experience. — Patrick Henry. 

48. "We have done everything that could be done to avert 
the storm which is now coming on." 

49. We cannot wholly silence the monitor within us. 

50. Wonderful were the means by which those schemes 
were accomplished. 

51. Upon the whole, there was in this man something that 
could create, subvert or reform. — Grattan. 

52. The love of fame is the last weakness which is resigned, 
even by the wise. 

53. A man who can not mind his own business is not to 
be trusted with the king's. 

54. Office confers no honor on a man who is worthy of 
it. — Holmes. 

55. They must upward still and onward who would keep 
abreast of truth. — Lowell. 

56. Napoleon's troops fought in bright fields where every 
helmet caught some beams of glory. — Napier. 

57. But in Hampden and in Hampden alone were united 
all the qualities which at such a crisis were necessary to save 
the state. — Macanlay. 

58. Go back to the place whence you came. 

59. There is a tide in the affairs of men, 

Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune. 

— Shakespeare. 

60. "There was a time when meadow, grove and stream 

The earth and every common sight 

To me did seem 
Appareled in celestial light." 



52 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

61. How sleep the brave who sink to rest, 

By all their country's wishes blest. — Collins. 

62. "In the lexicon of youth, which fate has reserved for a 
bright manhood, there is no such word as fail." 

63. Great peace have they that love Thy law: and nothing 
shall offend them. 

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE. 
Use. 

Adverbial modifier. 

Fools rush in where angels fear to tread. 

Connectives. 

Subordinate Conjunctions. 

If, than, for, before, that, as, because, since, etc. 

We will go, if they come. 

He studies diligently, that he may succeed. 
Conjunctive Adverbs. 

When, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, etc. 

When the time comes, it must be done. 

This will show you why it is true. 

Clauses divided according to meaning. 

1. Time. 

They went when the sun rose. 

2. Place. 

Man's treasure is where his heart is. 

3. Manner. 

He did as he was told. 

4. Condition. 

John will go if his brother does not. 

5. Concession. 

Though he is diligent, he does not succeed. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 53 

6. Cause. 

He came because they sent for him. 

7. Purpose. 

The miser lives that he may hoard money. 

8. Degree. 

His work is better than this. 

9. Result. 

I am so tired that I can not stand. 

Analyze the following sentences, giving particular 
attention to the Adverbial Clauses. 

1. Work while daylight shines. 

2. When the robin sings, we know the spring is here. 

3. We can not write well until we have read the best 
authors. 

4. Contentment is better than wealth. 

5. He became rich, because he attended to his business. 

6. "Keep thy heart with all diligence; for out of it are 
the issues of life." 

7. Arts still followed where Rome's eagles flew. 

8. Speak the speech as I tell you. 

9. We punish a man that he may offend no more. 

10. Although the work was hard, he did it with a will. 

11. The more I read Browning, the better I like him. 

12. Language was given us that we might say pleasant 
things to each other. 

13. "Whither I go, ye can not come." 

14. Since you say so, I must believe it. 

15. Go now, whenever you are ready. 

16. There is no man too bad to respect the good when he 
sees it. 

17. Where nature bestows genius education will give, 
accomplishments. 



54 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

18. Christianity has carried civilization along with it„ 
wherever it has gone. 

19. "Habit is a cable. We weave a thread of it each day 
until it becomes so strong we can not break it." 

20. The mind shall banquet, though the body pine. 

21. If you have called a man ungrateful, you have called 
him everything that is base. 

22. Our food is always sweet, because we earn before we 
eat. 

23. The less desire we have for honor and favors, the 
happier we shall be. 

24. Wisdom is often nearer when we stoop than when we 
soar. 

25. He can do the work well, provided he will take time 
enough to do it. 

26. Confidence can not dwell where selfishness is porter 
at the gate. 

27. They deserved the respect of their fellow-townsmen, 
for they were good men as well as brave. 

28. Our talents were given us, that we might use them 
well. 

29. His words were shed softer than leaves from the pine, 
And they fell on Sir Launfal as snows on the brine. 

— Lowell. 

30. While I was looking at the pigeons, a flock of wild 
geese went by, harowing the sky northward. — Burroughs. 

31. The good general was as frightened as a truly brave 
man can be. 

32. I saw him once before, 
As he passed by the door. 

— Holmes. 

33. Trifles lighter than straws are levers in building char- 
acter. 



STUDIES IN ENGUSH GRAMMAR m 55 

34. Rectitude of will is a greater ornament than bright- 
ness of understanding. 

35. The best servant I ever had is myself, for he always 
obeys me. 

36. Henceforward, listen as we will, 
The voices of that hearth are still. 
Look where we may the wide earth o'er, 

Those lighted faces are no more. 

— Whittier. 

37. The youth redoubled his exertions for they were ap- 
proaching the most dangerous part of the river. 

38. On the same evening, after he had finished his day's 
work, he obtained a small text-book on astronomy. 

39. Wherever the bamboos are found in abundance, the 
natives apply them to a variety of uses. 

40. If Right made Might, in every fight, — 
The world would be the better for it. 

41. The crowd was so great that the judges with difficulty 
made their way through it. 

42. A wise man values content more than riches. 

43. We love prosperity as well and wisely as we endure 
misfortune. 

44. Every word in that paper is so important that we should 
carefully consider it. 

45. Be not weary in well doing, for in due season ye shall 
reap if ye faint not. 

46. "Don't look for the flaws as you go through life." 

47. Though the difficulty is great, it will vanish. 

48. "We tell thy doom without a sigh. 

For thou art Freedom's now, and Fame's." 

49. If we fail, it can be no worse for us. 

50. When I am in a serious humor, I very often walk by 
myself in Westminster Abbey. — Addison. 



56 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

51. I will not sit unconcerned while my liberty is invaded. 
—Pitt. 

52. "Few, few shall part where many meet." 

53. Cromwell followed little events before he ventured to 
govern great ones. 

NOUN CLAUSE. 
Uses. 

1. Subject. 

That you are right is evident. 

2. Object Complement. 

I know that you are right. 

3. Subjective Complement. 

The fact is that Columbus discovered America. 

4. Appositive. 

It is true, that he was the speaker. 

5. Object of the Preposition. 

Have birds any sense of why they sing? 

6. Subject of a verbal in an abridged clause which is 
used adverbially. 

That he is innocent being proved, he may be released. 

Connectives. 

1. Introductory conjunction. 
That, whether, if, lest. 

We know that the rose is beautiful. 

I fear lest he wait. 

They do not knew whether she will sail Monday or 

Tuesday. 

2. Conjunctive Pronoun. 

Who, which, what, whose, etc. 
We know who will succeed. 
They did what was right. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 57 

3. Conjunctive Adjective. 
Which. 

They know which book is best. 

4. Conjunctive Adverb. 

Where, when, why, whereof, whenever, etc. 
We saw where they were. 
They know why the birds sing. 

Noun uses of the Conductive Pronoun in the clause. 

1. Subject. 

They know who did the work. 

2. Subjective Complement. 

We know who it was. 

3. Object Complement. 

We know whom you saw. 

4. Possessive Modifier. 

He saw whose work it was. 

5. Base of a Preposition. 

I do not know whom he alluded to. 

EXERCISES FOR ANALYSIS. 
Noun Clause. 

1. Our friends remembered what he said of himself. 

2. You may give him whichever he wants. t 

3. Whichever road you take will bring you home. 

4. Your neighbor should be whomever you can help. 

5. I know not what others may do. 

6. The teacher showed me wherein I had erred. 

7. Socrates said, I have endeavored throughout my life, 
to do nothing unjust. 

8. The fact is that Charles Lee was a traitor. 

9. It is known that Charles Lee was a traitor. 



58 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

io. You said nothing about why you were going. 

11. I am not satisfied that this is authentic. 

12. Do you know why the birds are singing? 

13. Did he say which boy would do the work? 

14. Who the lady is was not known. 

15. I did not know what the speaker said. 

16. He does not know whose book it is. 

17. I do not know of whom he is speaking. 

18. The child asked why the children were singing. 

19. The last words of Nelson were, "I have done my duty 
and I thank God for it." 

20. It must be that nature is directed by an infinite power. 

21. The man is certain that his course is without danger. 

22. Greater love hath no man than this, that a man lay 
down his life for his friends. 

23. It is true, that the winter gives attractions to the city, 
in endless meetings, lectures and concerts. 

24. Andre told them (Paulding, Williams and Van Wert) 
he had a pass to White Plains, on urgent business from General 
Arnold. 

25. It appears to me that winter comes to relieve the year 
of satiety. 

26. Do you ever wonder why poets talk so much about 
flowers ? — Holmes. 

27. The secret of most men's misery is, that they are try- 
ing to please themselves. — F. D. Maurice. 

28. Our times are in His hand 

Who saith, A whole I planned. — Browning. 

29. What I must do, is all that concerns me. — Emerson. 
20. Life ! I know not what thou art. 

31. Tell if you can, what is it to be wise. — Pope. 

32. Whether habits grow upon a man, need not be asked. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 59 

33. That his cause is just is acknowledged by all. 

34. I do not know whether he will go today or tomorrow. 

35. We feared lest he might be detained too long. 

36. How much the nation's strength has been impaired can 
hardly be imagined. 

37. He feared to tell her it was her duty to go. 

38. We are not certain that an open sea surrounds the 
pole. 

39. Believing that you are right does not make it so. 

40. How wide do you think the Pacific Ocean is? 

41. Whoso keepth the law is a wise son. 

42. Shame may restrain what law does not prohibit. 

43. Consider well what your strength is equal to, and 
what exceeds your ability. — Horace. 

44. Breathes there a man with soul so dead, 
Who never to himself hath said — 

"This is my own, my native land?" — Scott. 

45. They will do whatever seems best to do. 

46. I know not where His islands lift 
Their fronded palms in air; 

I only know I cannot drift 

Beyond his love and care. — Whittier. 

47. John Quincy Adams's last words were, — "This is the 
last of earth ; I am content." 

48. Know well, my soul God's hand controls 
Whate'er thou fearest. — Whittier. 

49. Nobody knew how the fisherman brown, 
With a look of despair that was half a frown 
Faced his fate on that furious night. — Lucy Larcom. 

50. It is the sign, he said. The King is coming and I 
will go to meet him. — Henry van Dyke. 



60 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

51. Books, we know, are a substantial world, both pure 

and good, 
Round which, with tendrils strong as flesh and blood, 
Our pastime and our happiness can grow. — Wordsworth. 

52. "Shall I have naught that is fair? saith he, 
Have naught but the bearded grain ?" 

53. I think the statements made by the speaker are en- 
tirely correct. 

54. Mete it is I set it down. 

That one may smile and smile and be a villian. — 
Shakespeare. 

55. Say now the world does not move! It strides with 
seven-league boots where only it has a man to lead the way. — 
Jacob A. Riis. 

56. In his last hours, Wolsey said, 
"Be just and fear not ; 

Let all the ends thou aim'st at be thy country's, 
Thy God's and truth's."— Shakespeare's 'Wolsey:' 

ABRIDGED CLAUSE. 

Kinds of Abridged Clauses. 

1. Infinitive Clause. 

2. Participial Clause. 

Uses of the Infinitive Clause. 

1. Subject. 

He was ordered to go at once. 

2. Object Complement. 

We wish him to be elected. 

3. Base of a Preposition. 

We waited for them to come. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 6l 

Uses of the Participial Clause. 

i. Subject. 

His being present caused the disturbance. 

2. Object Complement. 

We saw Mary studying her lessons. 

3. Base of a Preposition. 

They did not know of his going. 

4. Adverbial Modifier. 

Spring having come, the birds sing. 

Subjects in the Infinitive Clause. 

The subject of an infinitive is in the objective case, with one 
exception. 

He is expected to be elected. In this sentence, He to be 
elected, is the Infinitive clause used as subject of the passive verb 
is elected and "He" is in the nominative case. The sentence 
with the verb in the active voice will be, — We expect him to be 
elected. 

Subjects in the Participial Clause. 

The subject of the Participial clause may be in the nomina- 
tive, possessive or objective case. 

Nominative Case. 

The child having been studious, he was promoted. 

Possessive Case. 

His being proficient caused his promotion. 
I am not certain of his being there. 

Objective Case. 

We found our friends waiting for us. 



62 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

QUESTIONS. 

Show the difference between the objective complement and 
the abridged clause. 

They elected John captain. 

They found the report to be true. 

Show that the abridged clause used as object complement, 
is considered by some authors as the object and objective; as, 
in the sentence above, 'report' is used as object and 'to be true 9 as 
objective complement. Why is the subject of the abridged 
clause in the nominative, possessive or objective case? How 
does the abridged clause differ from the unabridged clause? 
Why does it have no connective? 

EXERCSIES FOR ANALYSES. 

i. I believe him to be honest. 

2. He is believed to be honest. 

3. They had believed him to be the author of the book. 

4. I know that to be a good book. 

5. He is a judge whom I know to be honest. 

6. Does he know whom he can get to take the place? 

7. She is a person who is known to be just. 

8. Your parents expect you to go to college. 

9. Our friends asked us to go with them to see the old 
Moorish castle. 

10. Let us try to do our very best, every day. 

11. They saw the sailor climb the rope. 

12. No time is too short for the wicked to injure their 
neighbors. 

13. It is impossible for some authors to see beauties in 
another's work. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 63 

14. He allowed small failings to deface an amiable char- 
acter. 

15. Does good-breeding make the tongue falsify the heart? 

16. The food being exhausted, the city surrendered. 

17. Emerson tells us to hitch our wagon to a star. 

18. For a man to love his work is a duty. 

19. Let us do and say nothing untrue. 

20. On our returning home we found our friends impa- 
tiently waiting for us. 

21. The officer commanded the prisoner to surrender. 

22. They insisted on his following them. 

23. Her meeting them was very fortunate. 

24. We desired him to go home. 

25. I am not sure of his being there tomorrow. 

26. The jury believed him to be guilty. 

27. The rain having ceased to fall, we look for a rainbow. 

28. His buying goods on credit caused him to fail. 

29. A storm having arisen, we were driven into the harbor- 

30. They expect Harry to give the address of welcome. 

31. The general commanded the army to march. 

32. Some suppose the planets to be inhabited. 

33. His admitting the fact will not affect the argument. 

34. The man saw the soldier dying. 

35. He felt the boat sinking. 

36. Did you wait for us to come? 

37. He was believed to be guilty. 

38. Let us go home at once. 

39. "Let man, who hopes to be forgiven 
Forgive and bless his foe." 

40. This point having been ascertained, General Howe 
moved his army up the East River. 

41. "Let the dead past bury its dead." 



64 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

42. They being with us at the time, I was encouraged to 
go on. 

43. If you wish a thing to be well done do not expect 
others to do it. 

44. Never let a difficulty stare you out of countenance. 

45. My story being done, 

She gave nre for my pains a world of sighs. 

— Shakespeare. 

46. His success depends upon his remaining true to his 
principles. * 

47. We wish you to enjoy the pleasure of hearing her sing. 

48. I count this thing to be grandly true 

That a noble deed is a step toward God. — Holland. 

49. Harry having been detained by the accident he lost the 
opportunity of seeing his friends. 

50. To keep a secret is wisdom; but to expect another to 
keep it is folly. — Holmes. 

51. For a man to forget the friends of his childhood is 
base. 

52. I know it is a sin 
For me to sit and grin 

At him here. — Holmes. 

53. If any man would come after Me, let him deny him- 
self and take up his cross and follow Me. 

54. Our guide having returned, he wished us to go on,, 
but the air was too chill for us to go higher. 

55. It is as easy now for the heart to be true 

As for grass to be green or skies to be blue. — Lowell. 

56. Have you seen the humming-bird probe the bell of the 
white-lipped morning glory? — Holland. 

57. Let him make up his mind to do it now. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 05 

Analyze the following Complex Sentences: 

1. To assume that a person is guilty of an offense because 
appearances are against him is manifestly unjust. 

2. I may speak of fame as Falstaff did of honor. 

3. Did you know the person to whom he was speaking? 

4. Whoever can be his own master should not be the 
servant of another. 

5. Whatever you do, do quickly. 

6. Did your friend say when she should return? 

7. The Holy Supper is kept, indeed 

In whatso we share with another's need. — Lowell. 

8. Carlyle said, "A man without a purpose is like a ship 
without a rudder." 

9. He who resolves to do right has God on his side. 

10. More things are wrought by prayer than this world 
dreams of. — Tennyson.' 

11. The books which help you most are those which make 
you think most. — Theodore Parker. 

12. It is better to be alone than in bad company. 

13. If the book is in the library, you may read it. 

14. Our friends say they will go to-morrow, provided the 
weather is fair. 

15. It must not be supposed that the Italians hate the 
Austrians as individuals. — Howells. 

16. While stands the Coliseum, Rome shall stand, 
When falls the Coliseum, Rome shall fall. — Byron. 

17. And there they stand, as stands a lofty mind, 
Worn, but unstooping to the baser crowd. — Byron. 

18. You think because my life is rude, 

I take no note of sweetness. — Whittier. 

19. A man should never be afraid to own that he has been 
in the wrong. 



66 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

20. We sometimes take great pains to persuade others 
that we are happy. 

21. Knowledge is the result of what we, ourselves, have 
felt, thought or done. 

22. Whatever is most beautiful is most noble. 

23. As pride is sometimes hidden under humility, so idle- 
ness is often covered by turbulence and hurry. 

24. Whosoever is choice of his time will also be choice 
of his company. 

25. I cannot feel that thou art far 

Since near at need the angels are. — Whittier. 

26. How many a poor one's blessing went 
With thee beneath the low green tent 

Whose curtain never outward swings. — Whittier. 
2J. My early life ran quiet as the brooks by which I 
sported. — Kellogg. 

28. We look before and after 

And pine for what is not. — Shelley. 

29. We do pray for mercy ; 

And that same prayer doth teach us all to render 
The deeds of mercy. — Shakespeare. 

30. O yet we trust that somehow good 
Will be the final goal of ill. — Tennyson. 

31. Take the wings 

Of morning, and the Barcan desert pierce, 
Or lose thyself in the continuous woods 
Where rolls the Oregon. — Bryant. 

32. Let us, if We must have great actions, make our own 
so. — Emerson. 

33. The rose is fairest when 'tis budding new. — Scott. 

34. The report was that he would enter the army. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 67 

35. I well believe that ne'er before 

Your foot has trod Loch Katrine's shore. — Scott. 

36. Patience is so like fortitude that she seems either her 
sister or her daughter. 

37. It is not known who wrote the book of Job. 

38. That is the man, who I think will give the address. 

39. To know just what is right at all times is not possible. 

40. Am I my brother's keeper? was the question asked by 
the guilty Cain. 

41. Whoever outstrips his own errors must run well. 

42. Labor shuts the door and closes all the avenues where- 
by temptation may enter. 

43. The more a man strives to overtake fame, the sooner 
will he lose her. 

44. Know ye the land where the cypress and myrtle 

Are emblems of deeds that are done in their clime? — 
! Byron. 

45. There is a power whose care 

Teaches thy way along that pathless coast. — Bryant. 
46. Shall I ask the soldier who fights by my side in the 
cause of mankind, if our creeds agree? — Tom Moore. 

47. So near is grandeur to our dust, 

So near is God to man, 
When duty whispers low, "Thou must," 

The soul replies, "I can." — Emerson. < 

48. You never can tell what your thoughts will do in 

bringing you hate or love, 
For thoughts are things, and their airy wings are swifter 
than carrier doves." — Ella Wheeler Wilcox. 

49. But half of our heavy task was done. 

When the clock struck the hour for retiring. — Chas. 
Wolfe. 



68 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

50. Take thy banner! — and if e'er 

Thou shouldst press a soldier's bier, 
And the muffled drum should beat 
To the tread of mournful feet, 
Then this crimson flag shall be 
Martial cloak and shroud to thee. 
And the warrior took that banner proud 
And it was his martial cloak and shroud. — Longfellow, 
"Banner of Pulaski." 

MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS 

1. Joy, joy! forever. My task is done — 

The gates are passed and heaven is won. — Tom Moore. 

2. The work must be done else the reward can not be 
obtained. 

3. "Happiness grows at our own fireside, and it is not 
picked in strangers' gardens." 

4. There is in man a Higher than love of happiness; he 
can do without happiness, and instead thereof find blessed- 
ness. — Carlyle. 

5. I pray the prayer of Plato old 1 — 

God made thee beautiful within 
And let thine eyes 1 the good behold 
In everything save sin. — Whittier. 

6. "The king has come to marshall us, in all his armor 

drest, 
And he has bound a snow-white plume upon his gal- 
I lant crest." 

7. Recollect that trifles make perfection and that per- 
fection is no trifle. 

8. Not only am I instructed by this exercise, but I am 
also invigorated. l 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 69 

9. This part of knowledge has been growing and it will 
continue to grow till the subject is exhausted. 

10. I hate a fellow whom pride or cowardice or laziness 
drives into a corner, and who does nothing when he is there 
but sit and growl. 

11. Somewhere above us in elusive ether, lives the fulfill- 
ment of our dearest dreams. 

12. My son, observe the postage stamp. Its usefulness 
depends upon its ability to stick to one thing until it gets 
there. — Josh Billings, ! 

13. Let there be many windows to your soul, 
That all the glory of the universe 
'May beautify it. — Ella Wheeler Wilcox. 

14. A foot more light, a step more true, 

Ne'er from the heath flower dashed the dew. — Scott. 

15. A great many books are not worth reading at all. 

16. To have what we want is riches, but to be able to do 
without it is power. — Mac Donald. 

17. The sergeant, seeing these things, told him secrets 
generally hid from young officers. — Kipling. 

18. Born in the country, he was ignorant as a signpost 
of what came out of the soil. — las. T. Field. 

19. It is an old saying, that as a tree's inclined, so will it 
grow. ! 

20. We believe that woman will bless and brighten every 
place she enters, and that she will enter every place on the 
round earth. — Frances E. Willard. 

21. The life of the Great Napoleon in its greatest days 
had been devoted to the one purpose of humiliating England. 
— McCarthy. 

22. Never forget that the only indestructible material in 
destiny's fierce crucible is character. — Frances E. Willard. 



70 STUDIES IN KNGUSH GRAMMAR 

23. Cromwell, I charge thee, fling away ambition; 
By that sin fell the angels, how can man, then, 

The image of his Maker, hope to win by it? — Shake- 
speare's "Wolsey." 

24. Seest thou nothing else, Rebecca, by which the Black 
Knight may be distinguished? — Scott. 

25. "Master," replied the beggar, "I like your frankness 
much." \ 

26. Who steals my purse steal trash. — Shakespeare. 

27. The next day when I passed, the room appeared as 
usual. 

28. I thank God, that, if I am gifted with little of that spirit 
which is able to raise mortals to the skies, I have yet none of 
that other spirit which would drag angels down. — Webster. 

29. The Venus of Milo is only a combination of the most 
perfect natures which the sculptor found in a dozen or a hun- 
dred human beings. I 

30. "There is one certain means/' replied the Prince, "by 
which I can be sure never to see my country's ruin — I can 
die in the last ditch." — William of Orange. 

31. Hail to the chief who in triumph advances! 
Honored and blest to the ever-green Pine. — Scott. 

32. Ye are better than all the ballads 
• That were ever sung or said, 

For ye are the living poems 

And all the rest are dead. — Longfellow. 

33. Lord North sounded the keynote to the whole British 
policy, when he said, "To repeal the tea-duty would stamp 
us with timidity." 

34. Louis Napoleon, said a member of his family, deceived 
Europe twice ; first when he succeeded in passing off as an 
idiot, and next, when he succeeded in passing off as a states- 
man. — McCarthy. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR Jl 

35. God's plans, like lilies pure and white, unfold. 

36. I know that I am weak and that the pathway of his 
providence is on the hills, where I may never climb, therefore 
my reason yields her hand to faith, and follows meekly where 
the angels tread. — Holland. 

'■ 37. "They talk about a woman's sphere 
As though it had a limit." 
38. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every 
battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and hearth- 
stone all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of 
the Union when again touched, as surely they will be, by the 
better angels of our nature. — Lincoln. 

39. "Yet life, to my thinking, is a cup worth drinking." 

40. O may I join the choir invisible 

Of those immortal dead who live again 

In minds made better by their presence. — George Eliot. 

41. He lives to learn in life's hard school, 

How few who pass above him 
Lament their triumph and his loss 

Like her— because they love him. — Whittier. 

42. The world was all before them, where to choose 
Their place of rest, and Providence their guide. — 
Milton's "Paradise Lost." 

43. He who, from zone to zone, 
Guides through the boundless sky 
Thy certain flight, 

I In the long way that I must tread alone, 
Will lead my steps aright, — Bryant. 

44. Others might possess the qualities which were neces- 
sary to save the popular party in the hour of danger; he alone 
had the power and the inclination to restrain its excesses in the 
hour of triumph. — Macaulay, on John Hampden. 



J2 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

45. I know that love never was wasted, 
Nor truth, nor the breath of a prayer, 

And the thought that goes forth as a blessing, 
Must live as a joy in the air. — Lucy Larcom. 

46. Along the roadside, like the flowers of gold 
That tawny Incas for their gardens wrought, 

Heavy with sunshine droops the golden-rod. — Whittier. 

47. The noble Brutus 

Hath told you Caesar was ambitious. — Shakespeare. 

48. You all did see that on the Lupercal 

I thrice presented him a kingly crown, 
Which he did thrice refuse. — Shakespeare. 

49. Methought I heard a voice cry, "Sleep no more!" 
"Macbeth does murder sleep." — Shakespeare. 

50. Is there a writer in the country who is willing to make 
himself of no account for the sake of what he has to say? — 
Burroughs. 

51. Thank God every morning when you get up, that you 
have something to do which must be done whether you like 
it or not. — Charles. 

52. My listening angel heard the prayer, 

And, calmly smiling, said, 
"If I but touch thy silvered hair, 
Thy hasty wish hath sped." — 0. W. Holmes. 

53. So, boy, if you want to be sure of your bread 
< Ere the good time of working is gone, 

Brush the cobwebs of nonsense all out of your head, 
And take up your hoe and move on. — Alice Carey. 

54. Round purple peaks 

It sails and seeks , 

Blue inlets and their crystal creeks, 
Where high rocks throw. 



STUDIES IN ENGUSH GRAMMAR 73 

Through deeps below, 
A duplicated golden glow. — T. Buchanan. 

55. I sent my soul through the Invisible, 

Some letter of that After-life to spell. — The Rubaiyat. 

56. Through envy, through malice, through hating. 
Against the world early and late, 

No jot of our courage abating — 
Our part is to work and to wait. — Alice Carey. 

57. As Sir Launfal made morn through the darksome gate, 
He was 'ware of a leper, crouched by the same, 

Who begged with his hand and moaned as he sate; 
And a loathing over Sir Launfal came. — Lowell, 

58. Search thine own heart. What paineth thee 
In others in thyself may be: 

All dust is frail, all flesh is weak; 

Be thou the true man thou doest seek. — Whittier. 

59. As chief, who hears his warden call, 

'To arms! the foeman storm the wall' 
The antlered monarch of the waste 

Sprang from his heathery couch in haste. — Scott. 

60. Of man's first disobedience and the fruit 
Of that forbidden tree, whose mortal taste 
Brought death into the world and all our woe, 
With loss of Eden, till one greater Man i 
Restore us and regain the blissful seat, 
Sing, heavenly Muse. — Paradise Lost. 

ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS 

1. Were I Brutus, 

And Brutus, Antony, there were an Antony 
Would ruffle up your spirits, and put a tongue 
In every wound of Caesar, that should move 
The stones of Rome to rise and mutiny. — Shakespeare. 



74 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

2. "A youth told proudly his hopes and plans, 
With his own strong hand all his future drew, 
To the calm old man, earth-tired, heaven bound, 
Who answered, from all that his great heart knew, 
Only these words, 'And then?' " \ 

3. When my eyes shall be turned to behold for the last 
time the sun in heaven, may I not see him shining on the 
broken and dishonored fragments of a once-glorious Union; 
on States dissevered, discordant, belligerent; on a land rent 
with civil fueds, or drenched, it may be, in fraternal blood! 
Let their last feeble and lingering glance rather behold the 
gorgeous ensign of the Republic, now known and honored 
throughout the earth, still full high advanced, its arms and 
trophies streaming in their original luster, not a stripe erased 
or polluted, nor a single star obscured, bearing for its motto 
no such miserable interrogatory as, "What is all this worth?" 
nor those words of delusion and folly, "Liberty first, and 
union afterward;" but everywhere spread all over in char- 
acters of living light, blazing on all its ample folds, as they 
float over the sea and over the land, and in every wind under 
the whole heavens, that other sentiment, dear to every true 
American heart, — Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and 
inseparable !— Webster. 

4. When thoughts 1 
Of the last bitter hour come like a blight 
Over thy spirit, and sad images 

Of the stern agony, and shroud and pall, 
And breathless darkness and the narrow house, 
Make thee to shudder and grow sick at heart ; — 
Go forth, under the open sky and list 
To Nature's teachings, while from all around, 
! Earth and her waters and the depths of air, 
Comies a still voice. — Bryant. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 75 

5. Ye stars! which are the poetry of heaven, 

If in your bright leaves we would read the fate 
Of men and empires, — 'tis to be forgiven, 
That in our aspirations to be great, 
Our destines o'erleap their mortal state, 
And claim a kindred with you, for ye are 
A beauty and a mystery, and create 
In us such love and reverence from afar, 
That fortune, fame, power, life, have named themselves 
a star. — Byron. 

6. Give human nature reverence for the sake 
Of One who bore it, making it divine 
With the ineffable tenderness of God; 

Let common need, the brotherhood of prayer, 

The heirship of an unknown destiny, 

The unsolved mystery round about us, make 

A man more precious than the gold of Ophir. 

Sacred, inviolate, unto whom all things 

Should minister, as outward types and signs 

Of the eternal beauty which fulfils 

The one great purpose of creation, Love, 

The sole necessity of Earth and Heaven! — Whittier. 

7. And now, when comes the calm mild day, as still such 

days will come, 

To call the squirrel and the bee from out their winter 
home; 

When the sound of dropping nuts is heard, though all 
the trees are still, 

And twinkle in the smoky light the waters of the rill, 

The south wind searches for the flowers whose fra- 
grance late he bore, 

And sighs to find them in the wood and by the stream 
no more. — Bryant. 



j6 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

8. Haply some hoary— headed swain may say, 
"Oft have we seen him at the peep of dawn, 
Brushing, with hasty steps the dews away, 

To meet the sun upon the upland lawn." — Gray. 

9. O lonely grave in the Moat's land! 
O dark Beth Peor's hill! 

Speak to these restless hearts of ours, 
And teach them to be still. 
God hath his mysteries of grace, 
Ways that we can not tell ; 
i He hides them deep, like the hidden sleep 
Of him he loved so well. — Mrs. Alexander. 

10. Pleasant it was, when woods were green, 

And winds were soft and low, 
To lie amid some sylvan scene, 
Where, the long drooping boughs between, 
Shadows dark and sunlight sheen 
\ Alternate come and go ; 

Or where the denser grove receives 

No sunlight from above, 
But the dark foliage interweaves 
In one unbroken roof of leaves, 
Underneath whose sloping eaves 

The shadows hardly move. — Longfellow. 

11. A tall, handsome youth of twenty-two came forward — 
a man whose name from that time forward, and as long as 
history shall endure, has been, and will be, more familiar than 
any other in the mouths of Netherlander. At that day he had 
rather a southern than a German or Flemish appearance. He 
had a Spanish cast of features, dark, well-chiselled, and sym- 
metrical. His head was small and well placed upon his 
shoulders. His hair was dark-brown, as were also his mous- 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR JJ 

tache and peaked beard. His forehead was lofty, spacious, and 
already prematurely engraved with the anxious lines of thought. 
His eyes were full, brown, well opened, and expressive of pro- 
found reflection. He was dressed in the magnificent apparel for 
which the Netherlanders were celebrated above all other nations, 
and which the ceremony rendered necessary. — Motley. 

12. A heart as bold as his brought up the cuirassiers who 
turned the tide of battle on Marston Moor. As skillful an eye 
as his watched the Scotch army descending from the heights 
over Dunbar. But it was when to the sullen tyranny of Laud 
and Charles had succeeded the fierce conflict of sects and fac- 
tion, ambitious of ascendency and burning for revenge, it was 
when the vices and ignorance which the old tyranny had gen- 
erated threatened the new freedom with destruction that Eng- 
land missed the sobriety, the self-command, the perfect sound- 
ness of judgment, the perfect rectitude of intention, to which 
the history of revolutions furnishes no parallel, or furnishes a 
parallel in Washington alone. — Macaiday. 

13. It is thought by some people that all those stars which 
you see glittering so restlessly on a keen, frosty night in a 
high latitude, and which seem to have been sown broadcast 
with as much carelessness as grain lies on a threshing-floor, 
here showing vast zarrahs of desert blue sky, there again lying 
close, and to some eyes presenting — 

"The beauteous semblance of a flock at rest," 

are, in fact, gathered into zones or strata ; that our own wicked 
little earth, with the whole of our peculiar solar system, is a 
part of such a zone ; and that all this perfect geometry of the 
heavens, these radii in the mighty wheel, would become ap- 
parent, if we, the spectators, could but survey it from the true 
centre ; which centre may be far too distant for any vision of 
man, naked or armed, to reach. — De Quincey. 



78 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

14. (The place was worthy of such a trial. It was the great 
hall of William Rufus, the hall which had resounded with ac- 
clamations at the inauguration of thirty kings, the hall which 
had witnessed the just sentence of Bacon and the just absolu- 
tion of Somers, the hall where the eloquence of Strafford had 
for a moment awed and melted a victorious party inflamed with 
just resentment, the hall where Charles had confronted the High 
Court of Justice with the placid courage which has half re- 
deemed his fame. — Macanlay. 

15. Sky, mountains, river, winds, lake, lightnings! ye, 

With night and clouds, and thunder and a soul 
To miake these felt and feeling, well may be 
\ Things that have made me watchful ; the far roll 

Of your departing voices, is the knoll 
Of what in me is sleepless, — if I rest, 
But where of ye, O tempests! is the goal? 
Are ye like those within the human breast? 
Or do ye find at length, like eaglets some high nest? 

— Byron. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 79 

NOTES 



80 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

NOTES 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 8l 

NOTES 



82 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

NOTES 



Parts of Speech 

NOUNS 
Definition. 

Consult references. 
Classes. 

1. Proper. 
II. Common. 

i. Class or concrete. 

2. Collective. 

3. Abstract. 

4. Gender. 

5. Verbal. 

6. Mass. 

Uses of the Noun. 

i 1. Subject of a Verb, Infinitive, and Participle. 

2. Object of a Verb, Infinitive, and Participle. 

3. Subjective Complement of. Verb, Infinitive, and Par- 
ticiple. 

4. Objective Complement of Verb, Infinitive, and Par- 
ticiple. 

5. Indirect Object. 

6. Base of a Preposition. 

7. Possessive Modifier. 

8. lAppositive. 

9. Adverbial Noun. 
10. Independent Uses. 

By direct address. 
By pleonasm. 
By exclamation. 



84 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

QUESTIONS 

Define each of the terms above and give several nouns of 
each class. 

How may adjectives or adverbs be used for nouns? 
How may a common noun become proper? 
How may a proper noun become common? 

Properties of Nouns. 

Gender, Number, Case, and Person. 
Gender. 

Kinds of Gender — Masculine, Feminine, Neuter, and Com- 
mon. 

'Define the terms above. In what three ways is gender 
distinguished? 

Form the Feminine of the following nouns • — 



author 


youth 


gander 


actor 


1 drake 


tiger 


priest 


monk 


waiter 


lord 


wizard 


man-servant 


Czar 


master 


step-son 


men 


sir 


hero 


Sultan 


lad 


stag 



Gender of Personified Nouns. 

What determines the gender of personified nouns? 

Give a list of five such nouns that are feminine. 

Give a list of five such nouns that are masculine. 
Gender of Collective Nouns. 

When is a collective noun in the feminine gender? 

When is a collective noun in the masculine gender? 

When is a collective noun in the neuter gender? 



STUDIES IN ENGIvISH GRAMMAR 



85 



Number. 

Definition. 

Consult references. 
Kinds — Singular and Plural. 
Formation of Plurals. 

Plurals of nouns ending in "es," "o," "y" and "f" — 
Write the plural of the following words : — 

tax canto money 

atlas echo dairy 

niche grotto journey 

book negro army 

quarto solo glory 

halo alley mystery 

key pulley self 

sheaf belief staff 

chief wolf elf 

Plural of Proper Nouns — Write the plural of the 
following nouns: — 



Napoleon 


Miss Brown 


Dr. 


Caesar 


Mrs. Jones 


Gen. 


John 


Mr. White 


Col. 


Plurals of C 


Compound Nouns- 


-Write the plurals 


of the following 


nouns : — 




court-martial 


step-son 


major-general 


knight-templar 


hanger-on 


attorney-general 


son-in-law 


lieutenant-general 


attorney-at-law 


man-of-war 


maid-servant 


postmaster-general 


man-servant 


commander-in-chief 


heir-apparent 


woman-servant 


ox-cart 


wagon-load 


Plurals of Letters, Figures and Symbols are made by add- 


ing an apostrophe and V — a's, x's, 2's. 





86 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 



Nouns having two plurals differing in meaning- 
Write the other word : — 



sail 


brother 


shot 


penny- 


index 


genius 


fish 


die 


cloth 


head 


foot 


horse 



Foreign Pluras — Form the plurals of the follow- 
ing words : — 



alumna (fern.) 


crisis 


formula 


alumnus (mas.) 


datum 


nebula 


axis 


genus 


oasis 


basis 


hypothesis 


thesis 


Tell the number of the 


words in the list belo 


annals 


politics 


scissors 


oats 


vespers 


head (of cattle) 


bread 


tongs 


score 


ashes 


riches 


manners 


coffee 


pair 


music 


tin 


yoke 


mathematics 


tidings 


pincers 


news 


acoustics 


milk 


dozen 


mumps 


ethics 


couple 


Case. 






Definition. 






Consult 


references. 




Kinds. 






Nominative, Possessive, 


and Objective. 


Define each of the 


terms above. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 87 

Nominative Case Constructions. 

1. Subject of a verb. 

2. Subjective complement after a verb. 

'3. Subject of a participle in an abridged clause used 
adverbially. 

4. Subjective complement after a participle in an 
abridged clause used adverbially. 

5. Subject in an infinitive clause which is used as subject 
of a passive verb. 

6. 'Subjective complement in an in£nitive clause which 
is used as subject of a passive verb. 

7. Absolute after an infinitive or participle. 

8. Appositive. 

9. Independent. 

Give examples of each of the Nominative Case Construc- 
tions. 

Possessive Case Constructions. 

1. Possessive modifier. 

2. Subject of a participle in an abridged clause, when 
the clause is used as subject. 

NOTES ON THE POSSESSIVE CASE 

1. Compound nouns add the possessive sign to the last 
word. 

2. Nouns denoting common possession add the possessive 
sign to the last word ; as, Mason & Dixon's Line. 

3. If they do not denote common possession, each word 
takes the possessive sign ; as, Henry's and Elizabeth's reign. 

4. When the possessive noun is followed by an appositive, 
the appositive generallly takes the possessive sign. Smith, the 
grocer's store. 



88 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 



5. When the name of the thing possessed is omitted, the 
sign may be added to either. They went to Hall's the baker, 
or to Hall the baker's. 

Form the possessive singular and possessive plural 



of:— 






hero 


woman 


Burns 


child 


empress 


Mr. Arnold 


army 


prince 


Mrs. Long 


wife 


Mary 


Miss Green 


wolf 


sheep 


Dr. Fletcher 


jury 


deer 


major-general 


it 


you 


attorney-general 


lady 


I 


son-in-law 


he 


she 


man-servant 



Make corrections in the following sentences, if 
necessary: — 

1. Harry and John's pleasure was spoiled. 

2. This is Reed's and Kellogg's Grammar. 

3. That was the man and not the boy's fault. 

4. Who are Cora's and Mabel's friends? 

5. They live at Mr. Black's the merchant. 

6. Did they buy Hallem and Hunn's histories? 

7. Those pictures are Raphael, the artist's. 

8. This is Mr. Hay, the Secretary's opinion. 

9. They study Kittredge's and Arnold's grammar. 

10. Anna's and Sara's mother was there. 

11. It was Ray's as well as Frank's desire. 

12. Take it to Mr. Jones, the tailor's. 

13. Charles and Leonard's books are not here. 

14. Who were Cain's and Abie's parents? 

15. She refused to listen to her parents or her teacher's 
advice. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 89 

Objective Case Constructions. 

1. Object of a verb. 

2. Objective complement. 

3. Indirect object. 

4. Adverbial noun. 

5. Obect of a preposition. 

6. Appositive. 

7. Subjective complement after a verbal whose subject 
is in the objective case. 

8. Subject of an infinitive clause used as object comple- 
ment or as base of a preposition. 

9. Subject of a participial clause used as object comple- 
ment. ! 

10. Subjective complement in a participial clause used 
as object. 

Write sentences to illustrate the objective case construc- 
tions. 

Ferson. 

This subject will be considered under the Pronoun. 
How to parse a noun. 



I. 


Class. 


2. 


Gender. 


3. 


Number. 


4. 


Person. 


5. 


Case. 


6. 


Construction. 




PRONOUN 


efiniti 


on. 


Consult references. 



90 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

Classes. 

1. Personal Pronoun. -\ 

Simple — I, thou, you, she, he, it, and their declined 

forms. 
Compound — myself, thyself, yourself, herself, himself, 

itself, and their declined forms. 

2. Relative Pronoun. 

Who, which, that, as, and but, with the declined forms 
of the first three. 

3. Interrogative. 

Who, which and what, and their declined forms. 

4. Adjective Pronoun. 

That, this, all, some, many, both, etc. 
Demonstrative and indefinite pronouns are considered un- 
der this head. 

5. Conjunctive Pronoun. 

What, whichever, whoever, whatever, etc. 

Note. — It is better to class these words as Conjunctive 
Pronouns, rather than Relatives, as they are used in noun 
clauses, and do not have antecedents expressed. 

What is called a "double relative" by some authors. 
Properties of the Pronoun. 

Gender, Number, Case, and Person. 

Review Gender, Number, and Case forms of nouns. 
Person. 

Definition. 

Consult references. 

QUESTIONS ON PERSON 

What determines the person of a relative pronoun? Which 
pronouns show person by their form? When a relative pro- 
noun has two or more antecedents differing in person, how 
is the person determined? 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR gi 

GENERAL QUESTIONS 

How are pronouns inflected? How do pronouns differ 
from nouns, in form and use? What is an antecedent? What 
forms may it take? Use in sentences, a word, phrase and 
clause as antecedent of a pronoun. What is a subsequent? 
Which pronouns show gender by their forms? Which show 
case? How are the compound personal pronouns used? What 
is meant by an impersonal use of the pronoun? What by the 
expletive use? What is the difference between the conjunctive 
pronoun and the relative pronoun? How many noun uses 
has the relative pronoun? Give them. The conjunctive pro- 
noun? Give them. What determines the number and gender 
of the relative pronoun? What determines the gender in the 
following sentence? Some person has lost his books. How can 
a subjective complement be in the objective case? What de- 
termines the person in the following sentence? Fanny, you and 
I who are invited will go. 

Fill the blanks, name the class to which each pro- 
noun belongs, and give its use in the sentence. 



We, us, he, him, ourselves, himself. 
1. They have come to take our friends and : to the 



Park. 
2 
3 

4 
5 
6, 

7 



Harry wrote the message. | 

ourselves, could not distinguish it. 

He used some for , and gave some to me. 

You are nearly as tall as . 

We only injure by such conduct. 

girls are reading the book. 

We saw the man who is to give the lecture. 

All were prepared except . 



92 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

10. It may have been that you saw. 

Whom, which, that, what, who, as, but. 

i. All ■ I have is thine. 

2. That is the person to you referred. 

3. I do not know he did. 

4. Are those the ones of you spoke? 

5. To much is given, much is required. 

6. — ; is the man you were speaking to. 

7. He did not say ought to be done. 

8 # the lady is, is not known. 

9. Such he had, he gave us. 

10. There is no child loves to play. 

Whoever, whichever, whatever. 

/I# i s ready, may go. 

2. Give it to wants it most. 

2 . he may have done, was for the best. 

4. You may take you choose. 

5. We shall do — seems best to do. 

NOTES ON THE USE OF PRONOUNS 

1. Who relates chiefly to persons (sometimes to higher 
animals). 

2. Which relates to animals and things. 

3. That relates to both persons and things. 

4. Who or which is preferred to that in non-restrictive 
clauses. 

5. In referring to a choice, which is preferred to who or 
that. 

6. Use that when antecedents name both persons and 
things. 

7. Use that (generally) after adjectives in the superlative 
degree. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 93 

8. For the sake of euphony, that is generally used after 
the interrogative pronoun who and after the words few, any, 
each, all, etc. ; also when the antecedent is it. 

9. The pronoun agrees with its antecedent in person, 
number, and gender. 

10. Each refers to any number of objects taken singly. 

11. Each other refers to two only; one another to more than 
two. 

12. Either and neither refer to one of two only. 

13. Make the reference to the antecedent clear. 

14. Compound personal pronouns are used for emphasis 
and in a reflexive sense. 

15. Co-ordinate adjective clauses are introduced by like 
relative pronouns. 

16. Clauses that modify different words are introduced by 
unlike relative pronouns. 

17. When the one and the other refer to objects previously 
mentioned, the one refers to the object first mentioned, and the 
other to the last mentioned. 

18. When this, that, these and those refer to objects previous- 
ly mentioned, this and these refer to the last mentioned, and that 
and those to the first mentioned. 

Correct the following sentences. (Not all of the 
sentences are incorrect.) 

1. All who knew him respected him. ; 

2. What one of the books did he take? 

3. The two children would not play with one another. 

4. There is a row of elms on either side of the street. 

5. There is a row of elms on each side of the street. 

6. Was it you whom he asked for? 

7. It was necessity (which, or that) taught me the lesson. 

8. The wisest man is he (who, that) keeps his own secrets. 



94 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

9. The selfish and the benevolent are found in any com- 
munity; (those, these) are shunned, (these, those) are loved. 

10. Homer was a genius, Virgil an artist ; in (the other, the 
one) we most admire the man, in (the one, the other), the work. 

11. Clara invited my friend and myself to go. 

12. The brakeman and the cattle (which, that) were on the 
train were killed. 

13. I do not admire either of the three girls. 

14. Let two straight lines cut one another. 

15. A man (who, that) is worthy, and (that, who) is willing 
to work, will succeed. 

16. He kept some for him and me. 

17. He was one of the best men (that, who) ever lived. 

18. Who is the lady (who, that) called yesterday? 

19. This is the malt (that, which) lay in the house (which, 
that) Jack built. 

20. (Each, all) of the workmen received two dollars a day. 

21. I have several grammars (either, any) of which may be 
consulted. 

22. Few (who, that) read the book were pleased with it. 

23. She saw her friend as she was going to the wharf. 

24. The various tribes have been at war with (one another, 
each other). 

25. Charles told his brother to take his book to his friend. 

26. Each child (who, that) was there received a flower. 

27. (Who, which) of the ladies did you admire most? 

28. It was this alone (which, that) induced me to accept 
the office. 

29. A person (that, who) can read, and (who, that) finds 
pleasure in reading, need never be lonely. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 95 

30. With the return of spring came four martins (that, 
which) were evidently the same (that, which) were bred under 
those eaves the previous year. 

31. TWe saw the lady while passing down the street. 

Give the case construction of the pronouns in the 
following sentences. Choose the correct form. 

1. It was not (they, them). 

2. (Them, they) that seek wisdom will be wise. 

3. Is James as old as (me, I). 

4. Such a man as (him, he) could never be captain. 

5. He is a person (who, whom) I think deserves encour- 
agement. 

6. She is neither better nor wiser than you or (me, I). 

7. The (man, man's) being here, we did not go. 

8. I saw Mr. Brown (he, him) who is the leader. 

9. (He, his) being a foreigner, the request was granted. 

10. (His, he) being a foreigner made no difference. 

11. It was Clara (she, her), who is my friend. 

12. It is not desirable to be (her, she). 

13. (He, him) who will, let him come. 

14. They gave it to Henry (he, him) (who, whom) you saw 
yesterday. 

15. The man (who, whom) you spoke to is his brother. 

16. Do you think (us, we) girls can do the work? 

17. (Who, whom) did they ask? (I, me)? 

18. I thought that you and (him, he) were going. 

19. Let you and (I, me) go with them. 

20. I was not aware of (him, his) going so soon. 

21. iHe offered to send it to Bertha and (she, her). 

22. They were willing to let (he, him) and Frank go to 
college. 

23. I heard of (him, his) coming home. 



96 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

24. He is a man (who, whom) I know is honest. 

25. He is a man (who, whom) I know to be honest. 

26. He is a man (who, whom) is known to be honest. 

27. It may have been (them or they) (who, whom) he told 
you about. 

28. Do you know (whom, who) you can get to do the work? 

29. We will refer the question to (whoever, whomever) you 
may select as arbiter. ' 

30. Elect (who, whom) you wish. 

31. Give the position to (whoever, whomever) will fill it 
best. I 

32. They told Charles and (he, him) to ask (whomever, 
whoever) pleased them most. 

33. It was Joseph (who, whom) Pharaoh made prime 
minister. 

34. We enjoy being with those (who, whom) we love. 

35. (Who, whom) did you take to be the man? 

36. (He, him) was expected to go at once. 

37. Do you expect Roy and (he, him) to go? 

38. I knew it to be John or (he, him). 

39. They thought the boy to be (he, him). 

40. (Who, whom) did you think of its being? 

41. I did not think of its being (he, him). 

42. (Spring, spring's) having come, the birds sing. 

43. (Who, whom) do you take him to be? 

44. There is no doubt of (me, my) seeing him. 

45. (He, his) losing the way, we were, obliged to remain in 
the woods until morning. 

46. But (who, whom) say ye that I am? 

47. (He, him) only have I known. 

48. (Who, whom) should I meet that day but (she, her)? 
4.9. He offered a reward to (whomever, whoever) would 

subdue the place. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 97 

50. That is the boy (who, whom) we think deserves the 
prize. 

51. That is a boy (who, whom) I think you can trust. 

52. That is a boy (who, whom) I expect to do right. 

53. Can't you remember (who, whom) you gave it to? 

54. You may send (whoever, whomever) is willing to go. 

55. We invited our friend (she, her) (who, whom) you met 
last summer. v J 

56. Let the people select (who, whom) they think is best 
qualified to lead them; 

57. (His, him) being away caused them to stay. 

58. His duties necessitated (him, his) remaining at home. 

59. (Shame, shame's) being lost, all virtue is lost. 

60. (He, his) being exhausted, they went no farther. 

61. Father allowed Henry and (me, I) to go with a man 
(who, whom) he judged to be an intelligent guide. 

62. He attacked the enemy (whom, who) he saw were cross- 
ing the river. 

63. Was it (him, he) that you called? 

64. (Who, whom) should I meet the other day but Mary 
and (she, her). 

65. I do not think such persons as (he, him) competent to 
judge. 

66. Between you and (I, me), that is a small matter. 

67. (All, save (I, me) were at rest. 

68. (Who, whom) do you think stands at the head of our 
class? 

70. My neighbor is (whoever, whomever) I can do a kind- 
ness to. ' 

71. My neighbor is (whoever, whomever) needs my assist- 
ance. 

72. I believe my neighbor to be (he, him) who needs my 
assistance. 



98 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

73. Give assistance to (whoever, whomever) you believe 
your neighbor to be. 

Distinguish in meaning between the following 
sentences : — 

1. Did you hear Clara (Clara's) playing? 

2. Could you see John (John's) riding? 

; 3. They watched him (his) entering the room. 

4. We saw the child (child's) playing. 

5. He could hear the bird (bird's) singing. 

Fill the blanks with pronouns and give the reason 
for your choice. He, his, him, her, their, our, its. 

1. The child was not conscious of danger. 

2. Winter came with chilling blasts. 

3. A parent should love child. 

4. The jury was unanimous in decision. 

5. Let every girl take place. 

6. Let every student take place, 

7. Each was the center of own world. 

8. One is seldom at a loss to know what to do with 

money. 

9. (Each boy and girl may take place. 

10. Has everybody finished work? 

11. Neither Henry nor Mary had lesson prepared. 

12. Both Clara and John had lessons prepared. 

13. Every one must dc as thinks best. 

14. If my friend calls, tell to wait. 

15. Either he or I must go when father wishes it. 

16. Which of the two completed work first? 

17. A person who is rude in manner will be disliked. 

18. Everybody was amusing self as best could. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 99 

19. Nobody went out of way to make it pleasant for 

her. 

20. The class has selected orator. 

21. Every man and every boy received wages. 

22. If anybody but you had come, we would not have 
admitted . 

23. Germany, with standing army is a great nation. 

24. Rome sat throned on seven hills. 

25. Our committee made report. 

26. The audience may look at programs. 

2J. The Company paid all debts. 

28. The man, woman and child witnessed it, but would 
not tell what had heard. 

29. If any lady or gentleman w r ishes to have fortune 

told, now is opportunity. 

30. Neither the father nor the son had been distinguished 
for business qualifications. 

DECLENSION OF NOUNS AND PRONOUNS 



Decline, — 




boy it 


who 


lady he 


what 


John she 


which 


son-in-law I 


that 


Form for parsing pronouns. 




1. Class. 




2. Gender. 




3. Number. 




4. Person. 




5. Antecedent. 




6. Case. 




7. Construction. 





LofC. 



IOO STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 







ADJECTIVES. 




Definition. 






Consult references. 






Classes. 






i. 


Descriptive. 






2. 


Limiting, 
a. Numeral. 








Cardinal, ordinal, multiplicative 


and fractional 


3- 


Participial 






4- 


Pronominal. 






5. 


Articles. 








a. Definite. 


b. Indefinite. 
QUESTIONS 





Define all of the terms above and give examples. What is 
the difference between the adjective pronoun and the pronominal 
adjective? What offices may an adjective fill in the sentence? 
For what purposes are the articles used? Give the adjective 
uses of like and unlike. What adjectives in the comparative 
and superlative degree are adverbs as the positive degree? 
What is the difference between a phrase adjective and an ad- 
jective phrase? How may an adjective be used as a noun? 
What is a locative adjective? (Mead's Grammar.) What is 
an appositive adjective? (Mead.) Define comparison. Define 
the three degrees of comparison. Can all adjectives be com- 
pared? Why? In what ways may adjectives be compared? 
How are compound adjectives compared? Which adjectives 
have number? What is a conjunctive adjective? Explain the 
use of such a, not a, and many a as adjectives. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 



101 



Explain how the following pronominal adjectives 
are used. Which are used with singular nouns and 
which with plural? 



all 


many a 


latter 


any 


no 


many 


both ; 


neither 


such 


certain 


divers 


what 


else (what else?) 


each 


own 


every 


either 


other, another 


few 


several 


some 


a few 


sundry 


such a 


much 


former 


which 


Compare 


the adjectives 


that can be compai 


meek 


much 


beautiful 


polite 


feeble 


universal 


gentle 


wrong 


good-natured 


black 


bad 


long-headed 


red 


supreme 


fore 


round 


straight 


in, up 


little 


forth 


out 



NOTES ON THE USE OF ADJECTIVES 

i. Place adjectives where they will show clearly what they 
modify, and choose apt adjectives. 

2. Adjectives modifying the same noun and having the 
same rank, are usually arranged in the order of their length, 
the longest nearest the noun. If they are of different rank, place 
nearest the noun the one most closely modifying it, and the 
others as they rank. 

3. Both means two, not one of two. 



102 STUDIES IN KNGlvISH GRAMMAR 

4. Each means all of any number considered one by one. — 
Each child recited in his turn. 

5. Every also means all of any number, but the thought is 
directed more to the whole. — Every child need's a dictionary. 

6. Many, more and most have for their opposites few, fewer, 
fewest. 

7. Much and more have for their opposites little and less. 

8. ' When such words as first and last are used with plural 
numerals, the sense usually requires them before the plurals; 
as, The first two, The last four. 

9. Do not use the article V or 'an' after such words as 
sort or kind. 

10. Repeat the, a or an before connected adjectives that do 
not modify the same noun. 

11. Omit the article before words used as titles. 

12. Most is generally an adjective. Almost, used in the 
sense of nearly, is an adverb. 

EXERCISES 

Give reasons for the use of adjectives, and make 
corrections if necessary: — 

1. I heard (the) noises in the next room. 

2. She is a young girl and (a) beautiful girl. 

3. Wanted, a cook and (a) housemaid. 

4. He is the secretary and (the) treasurer. 

5. Read the first three paragraphs. 

6. il have just bought a new pair of gloves. 

7. That boy is the brightest of all his classmates. 

8. Solomon was wiser than any of the ancient kings. 

9. Jacob loved Joseph more than all his children. 

10. ^Natural scenery pleases me the best of anything else. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR IO3 

11. She wore a pink and (a) white wrap. 

12. There are two articles, the definite and indefinite. 

13. He well deserves the name of a gentleman. 

14. I enjoy the spring more than summer. 

15. These kinds of apple (apples) will be chosen. 

16. You caught four fish ; I caught a (less, fewer) number. 

17. His sarcastic manner made me (mad, angry). 

18. (Most, almost) all the people had gone. 

19. A (lengthy, long) line of ancestors. 

20. We had some (novel, new) experiences at the Fair. 

21. He had a (human, humane) disposition. 

22. Have you heard the (latest, last) news? 

23. Oranges are (healthful, healthy) food. 

24. She is a better talker than (a) singer. 

25. I do not like this sort of a book. 

26. Nothing delights him so much as a skate on the pond. 
2J. We have the most entire confidence in you. 

28. My favorite flower is (a, the) rose. 1 

29. (The, a) lion is (a, the) king of the forest. 

30. We do not like (this, these) sort of goods. 

31. What do you think of (these, this) kind of golf club? 

32. ,We saw as (much, many) as twenty robins. 

33. Both of the two boys were there. 

34. Of the two books, choose the one you like best. 

35. You may solve the four last problems. 

36. (Few, a few) have been invited. 

37. The belief is too universal to be changed. 

38. (Each, every) 'boy in the school knew it was true. 

39. There were (less, fewer) men than women present. 

40. (Every, each) child may take his place. 

41. They had not done the half of the work. 

42. He was much interested in these good news. 



104 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

43. The first and second regiments were called out. 

44. Take up (this, these) ashes. 

45. (This, these) brass tongs cost seven dollars. 

46. Texas is larger than any state in the Union. 

47. Every person has his faults. i 

48. That painting has only (average, ordinary) merit. 

49. They were exposed to (continuous, continual) inter- 
ruptions. 

50. The sting of some insects is (deadly, deathly). 

How to Parse the Adjective. 

1. Class. 

2. Comparison. 

3. Construction. 

VERB 

Classified according to Meaning. 

1. Intransitive. ' 

2. Transitive. 

1. Transitive Active. 

2. Transitive Passive. 

1. Intransitive Verbs. 

1. Verbs of action. 
Harry walks. 
i 2. Verbs of being. 

I am. 

3. Verbs of state of being. 

The child lies in the cradle. 

2. Transitive Verbs. 

1. Transitive Active Verb. 

Ruth studies Latin. 

2. Transitive Passive Verb. 

Books are read by the children. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR IO5 

Classified according to Form. 

1. Common Form. 

Clara studies. 

2. Progressive Form. 

Clara is studying. 

3. Passive Form. 

The lesson is studied. 

4. Progressive Passive Form. 

The lesson is being studied. 

Another Classification according to Form. 

1. Regular, (Weak). 

They learned the lesson. 

2. Irregular, (Strong). 

They go to-day. 
Note. — Mixed verb is given by same authors. 

QUESTIONS 

What is meant by the common form of the verb? The 
progressive form? The passive form? The progressive passive 
form? Give all these forms of the verbs choose, take, and draw. 
Explain the use of is in the following sentences : God is. The 
vase is on the table. The rose is white. Do the verbs in the 
first two sentences differ from that in the last? How? How 
do you use the verbs seems, becomes, appears, feels, stands, tastes, 
etc. 

Give a good definition of each term above. What does 
transitive mean? Is it well to teach that a transitive verb is one 
that requires an object? Why? What two offices in the sen- 
tence can the receiver of the act fill? May a verb be transitive 
in one sentence and intransitive in another? Give examples. 

Some authors use the terms, Copula and Copulative. What 
do these terms mean? 



io6 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 



Note. — Some authors give Neuter verb. It is an intransi- 
tive verb that does not imply action or exertion. The ocean 
is deep. Troy was. It stood near. 

Define regular and irregular verbs. Why are verbs called 
Weak and Strong? What is a defective verb? What is a 
redundant verb? What is meant by the principal parts of a 
verb? Consult the reference books for the principal parts of 
verbs, and give a list of the most important verbs. 

Tell whether the verbs below are Transitive Ac- 
tive, Transitive Passive, or Intransitive. 



arise 


dig 


fought 


awoke 


draw 


have 


bear 


was 


lay 


begin 


burst 


lie (to recline) 


choose 


feels 


sit 


set 


had flowed 


could take 


let 


may be known 


was sung 


walked 


could be heard 


will grow 


was done 


could have struck 


may ring 


has bidden 


must have told 


will set 


blew 


might be written 


can forgive 


did burn 


might have done 


was struck 


can buy 


had been blowing 


can rise 


has been bought 


were reading 


shall be 


will be chosen 


has been driven 


appeared 


will be sent 


might be told 


sleeps 


can go 


will be lost 


may be 


had laid 


will have forgotten 


might learn 


will meet 


marched 


can be given 


must see 


has 


had employed 


had lain 


breaks 


had been attacked 


will stand 


drew 


will be built 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 



107 



was earned 


raise 


should have been 


is told 


go 


might have been seen 


have gone 


live 


could have been done 


may write 


will fall 


ought to be known 


has been caught 


seemed 


was completed 


may eat 


were 


were leaving 


had flown 


hang 


has succeeded 


will freeze 


hanged 


had returned 


will be frozen 


wing 


was thought 



AUXILIARY VERBS 

What are they? How are they used? What is meant by a 
notional verb? Are can, must, and ought true auxiliaries? What 
is a verb phrase? Does the infinitive ever form part of the verb 
phrase? What is it in the sentence, — 'He ought to go'? 

Properties of the Verb. 

1. Tense. 

2. Mode. 

3. Voice. 

4. Number. 

5. Person, 

Tense. 

Divisions. 

Present, Present Perfect. 
Past, Past Perfect. 
Future, Future Perfect. 

QUESTIONS 

Define the terms used above. How many divisions of 
time are there? How many of tense? What auxiliaries express 
tense? Universal truths are expressed in which tense? 



108 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

Mode. 

Divisions. 

1. Indicative. 

2. Potential. 

3. 'Subjunctive. 

4. Imperative. 

1. Indicative Mode. 

Asserts a fact. 
Tenses in the Indicative Mode. 

1. Present tense, — I see. 

2. Present perfect tense, — I have seen. 

3. Past tense, — I saw. 

4. Past perfect tense,— I had seen. 

5. Future tense, — I shall see. 

6. Future perfect tense, — I shall have seen. 

The Indicative with if. 

The word if may be used with the Indicative Mode, when 
the supposition is assumed as a fact. 
If he was there I did not know it. 
Here the supposition is in if and not in the verb. 

2. Potential Mode. 

1 Asserts power, liberty, possibility, etc. 

Signs of the Potential Mode. 

Miay, can, must, might, should, would, ought, and shall when 
used in the sense of must, or will when used in the sense of to be 
willing. 

Tenses in the Potential Mode. 

1. Present tense, — I may see. 

2. Present perfect tense, — I may have seen. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 109 

3. Past tense, — I might see. 

4. Past perfect tense, — I might have seen. 

3. Subjunctive Mode. 

Shows doubt, or something merely thought of. 
Signs of the Subjunctive Mode. 
If, whether, and lest. 

Tenses in the Subjunctive Mode. 

1. Present tense, — If I be. 

2. Past tense, — If I were. 

3. Past perfect tense, — If I had been. 

The verb be is used in the Subjunctive instead of am, are, 
and is, and were is used instead of was. 

Uses of were. 

I wish she were here. 

I wi^h they were here. 

It were vain to contend against such odds. 

If I were you, I would not go. 

If he were there, we should know it. 

If they were there, we should know it. 

Were he disposed, he could tell them. 

4. Imperative Mode. 

States a command or entreaty. 
Tense in the Imperative Mode. 
Present tense, — See. 

QUESTIONS 

What does mode mean? Define each mode. How many 
tenses in each mode? Is it necessary to have a potential mode? 
If so, why? What do different grammarians say of the sub- 



IIO STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

junctive and potential modes? Why does the potential have but 
four tenses? Why not give six tenses to the subjunctive? Give 
the uses of were in the subjunctive. How does the subjunctive 
differ from the indicative? Does the indicative express a doubt? 
Where? Are the verbs may, would, should ever used in the 
indicative? When? What words indicate the subjunctive mode? 

Tell which form of the verb should be used, and 
give the mode and tense of each verb : — 

i. If that (was, were) true, the difficulty would not be great. 

2. If she (was, were) there, I did not know it. 

3. If to-morrow (is, be) fine, we will go. 

4. I wish it (was, were) true. 

5. I fear lest he (fall, falls). , 

6. If I (was, were) to give names, you would know. 

7. Though he (acquire, acquires) wealth, he will not be 
happy. 

8. I would say so if it is (was, were) true. 

9. I wish my mother (was, were) here. 1 

10. Take care lest it (be, is) carried away by the flood. 

11. Though he (speak, speaks) the truth, they will not be- 
lieve him. 

12. If he (come, comes) let me know. 

13. Though the story (seem, seems) improbable, it is true. 

14. I know not whether it (be, is) true or not. 

15. If I (were, was) you, I would go. 

16. I wish I (was, were) a child again. 

17. Though he (be, is) needy, they will not help him. 

18. He will do the work, even though it (take, takes) his life. 

19. If he (was, were) appointed, it would ruin his success. 

20. He was not the first candidate, though he (was, were) 
elected. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR III 

21. If the picture (were, was) finished, they would send it. 

22. Though it (is, be) improbable, it is true. 

23. Govern thy appetite, lest sin (surprise, surprises) thee. 
J24. He could come now, if it (is, were) necessary. 

25. They act as if it (was, were) possible to deceive us. 

26. If this, (is, be) treason make the mbst of it. 

27. If the vase (was, were) there, some one has removed it. 

28. Though the task (be, is) hard, he must perform it. 

29. If all the days (was, were) sunny, we would not appre- 
ciate them. 

30. If Clara (were, was) there, they did not see her. 

31. If he is (were) patient, he will (would) win. 

32. Though the difficulty were (is) great, it would (will) 
vanish. 

33. Though he is (be) truthful, they will not believe him. 

Voice. 
Kinds. 

1. Active voice. 

Caesar conquered Pompey. 

2. Passive voice. 

Pompey zvas conquered by Caesar. 

QUESTIONS 

What is voice? Active voice? Passive voice? Do intran- 
sitive verbs have voice? Why? What is the office of the object 
of a verb in the active voice? What of a verb in the passive 
voice? What changes result in the sentence when you change 
the verb from the active to the passive voice? How is the 
form of the verb changed? What, then, are the tests for the 
passive voice? Explain the verbs in the following. — "The wood 
splits easily." "The field ploughs well." 



112 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

Change the verbs in the active voice to the passive, and those 
in the passive voice to the active. 

i. They were betrayed by their friends. 

2. We heard the shouts in the street. 

3. The king appointed him minister. 

4. They gave her the flowers. 

5. He was appointed captain. 

6. He was accused of robbery. 

7. She has a taste for painting. 

8. We know that he is honest. 

9. They expect him to be elected. 

10. Juries have been bought for gold. 

11. Rich and poor were treated alike. 

12. A good man loves to do good. 

Verbs that have Passive Form, but not Passive 

Voice. 

He is fallen. 

Why is the verb "is fallen" not a passive verb? What is 
the verb "is" in this sentence equivalent to? Where is this form 
of the passive used? Give examples. 

Passive verbs that take Subjective Complements. 

He was elected governor. 

How can the passive verb take a subjective complement? 
Change the verb to the active voice. What is the office of 
"governor" in the sentence thus changed? What is its relation 
to the subject? Is the relation changed when the verb is in the 
passive voice? Give ten examples and explain the relation in 
both voices. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR II3 

Passive verbs that take Object Complements. 

I was given a book. 

Change the verb "was given" to the active voice. What 
change has resulted? What is the subject of the active verb? 
What office does "I" fill? Which word should be made the 
subject of the passive verb? Is there any real need for the 
construction first given? 

Object of the Preposition, made the Subject of the 
Passive Verb. 

He was laughed at by us. We laughed at him. 

Is the verb in the second sentence transitive or intransitive? 
What is the office of "at" in the first sentence? May a preposi- 
tion be a part of a verb? Give six examples to illustrate it. 

How the Passive Verb differs from a form of the 
verb "be" followed by a Perfect Participle used as an 
Adjective. 

The work zvas accomplished yesterday. 

The lady was accomplished. 

What is the verb in each sentence? How is the word accom- 
plished used in each? Write five pairs of sentences to illustrate 
the difference. I 

How the Progressive Verb differs from a form of 
the verb "be" followed by the Present Participle as an 
Adjective or a Noun. 

He is winning the game. 
His great delight is winning a game. 
The child is winning in her manner. 

What is the verb in each sentence? How is the word "win- 
ning" used in each case? Give four pairs of sentences to illus- 



114 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

trate the difference between the progressive verb and a form of 
"be" followed by the present participle used as an adjective or a 
noun. 

Progressive Passive form of the Verb. 

The house is being built. 

How is the progressive passive verb formed? How is it 
used? Is the use of the verb in the sentence, The house is 
building, good English? Give all the progressive passive-voice 
forms that can be used. 

EXERCISES ON VERB. 

i. The autumn days are come. 

2. Ruth was elected president. 

5. Harry was given a watch. 

4. He was scoffed at by his companions. 

5. The leader* was well qualified to direct them. 

6. The instructor is teaching Latin. 

7. Her portrait is being painted. 

8. The cathedral is being repaired. 

9. The leaves are fallen from the trees. 

10. Napoleon was called the Little Corporal. 

11. The judge was offered the bribe. 

12. He was unjustly dealt with. 

13. The Pinta was lost sight of in the distance. 

14. The day is done. 

15. This book is very entertaining. 

16. General Gates was considered a traitor. 

17. She was taught a lesson. ' 

18. He was looked to for aid. 

19. They looked to him for aid. 
£0. The rock is cloven in twain. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR II5 

21. The food was soon prepared. 

22. Are you prepared to recite? 
2$. George is playing tennis. 

24. His favorite sport is playing tennis. 

25. The fields are cultivated by the men. 

26. The musician is charming his audience. 

27. The lesson was studied by the children. 

28. She is a person whose manners are cultivated. 

29. A verb is distinguished by its use. 

30. Her conversation is charming. 

31. He is interesting his hearers. 

32. The shadow was mistaken for the bridge. 

33. The lady is distinguished in appearance. 

34. They are well satisfied with his position. 

35. His manner was so studied as to be unpleasant. 

36. The child is entertaining her playmates. 

37. His only object is doing good to others. 

38. The performance is very entertaining. 

39. He was greatly mistaken in his judgment. 

40. That tree is bent to the ground, by the storm. 

41. This tree is straight, that one is bent. 

42. She is singing that beautiful song. 

43. The judge was very decided in his charge. 

44. The child's dress is becoming to her. 

45. Her greatest enjoyment is singing. 

46. His appearance and address are very pleasing. 

47. The question was decided in their favor. 

48. The cow's hoof is cloven. 

49. The Lord is risen. 

50. Good work was done by the children. 

51. The crow was hawked at by the wren. 

52. A hunter shot at the deer. 



Il6 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

53. The deer was shot at by the hunter. 

54. The house was shattered by the wind. 

55. Now, they are pleasing the populace. 

56. That opinion is becoming more nearly universal. 

57. He is enjoying his work. 

58. The appearance of the building is much improved by 
the new paint. 

59. He is much improved in health. 

NOTES ON PERSON AND NUMBER OF VERBS 

1. A verb agrees with its subject in person and number. 

2. Compound subjects and plural subjects require plural 
verbs. 

3. 'Subjects singular in form but plural in sense require 
plural verbs.— Half of the apples were frozen. 

4. Subjects plural in form but singular in sense require 
singular verbs. — Gulliver's Travels was written by Swift. 

5. When subjects are emphatically distinguished, the verb 
agrees with the first and is understood with the second. 

6. Verbs agree with the affirmative rather than the nega- 
tive in the sentence. — She and not they was at fault. 

7. Two singular subjects taken together as one thing re- 
quire the singular verb. — Porridge and milk is his breakfast. 

! 8. Words preceded by each and every take singular verbs. 
9. Collective nouns in the singular take the singular verb, 
if thought of as a whole ; if the collection is thought of as indi- 
viduals the plural verb is required. 

10. A relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in person 
and number. This governs the verb. 

11. When subjects connected by or or nor are of different 
numbers, the verb generally agrees with the one nearest it. — 
One or more were there. Either thev or he was to blame. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 117 

In the last form'' it is rather better to re-construct the sen- 
tence. Either they were to blame, or I was. 

12. When several subjects follow the verb, for the sake of 
emphasis, the verb agrees with the one nearest it. 

13. When words are joined by such terms, as with, as well 
as, etc., the number of the verb is not changed. They as well as he 
were there. She with others was pleased. 

14. When the verb has two or more subjects differing in 
person, the first person is preferred to the second and the second 
to the third. 

15. A singular noun may take a plural sense from the dis- 
tinguishing adjectives, that go before it. — Religious and political 
liberty go hand in hand. 

EXERCISES 

Choose the correct form of the verb and give the 
reason: — 

1. Why don't (doesn't) he succeed? 

2. That don't (doesn't) seem possible. 

3. E-ither he or I is (am) mistaken. 

4. One of you are (is) invited. 

5. One or two is (are) to be omitted. 

6. Pencils are (is) a common noun. 

7. What privileges has (have) those who attend. 

8. There has (have) been several books lost. 

9. Which of those books are (is) yours? 

10. Each of the girls are (is) going. 

11. The wages of sin is (are) death. 

12. The Bible or the Holy Scriptures were (was) written 
long ago. 

13. His family is (are) in the country. 

14. Tales of a Traveler were (was) written by Irving. 



J l8 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

15. Neither Tom nor his sister was (were) present.^ 

16. What is (are) the person, number and gender of those 
nouns? 1 

17. Her home is one of those that is (are) on the hill. 

18. Nothing but books pleases (please) her. 

19. Plutarch's Lives were (was) read with interest. 

20. Seventy dollars a nk>nth is (are) a small salary. 

21. Ten dollars a week are (is) all he earns. 

22. The rest of the people were (was) disappointed. 

23. Two years' interest are (is) due. 

24. The Senate have (has) passed the bill. 

25. One half of the soldiers was (were) killed. 

26. Two thirds of the fruit was (were) injured. 
2J. One third of the fruit were (was) injured. 

28. Three fourths of the men was (were) ill. 

29. Mathematics are (is) difficult for me. 

30. Character and reputation is (are) very different. 

31. The victuals were (was) insufficient for the crowd. 

32. Ten dollars are (is) not too much. 

33. Clara and her sister also are (is) invited. 

34. Neither of them is (are) prepared to go. 
'35. What sounds have (has) each of the vowels? 

36. The United States are (is) prosperous and happy. 

37. Our welfare and security consist (consists) in unity of 
purpose. 

38. Work as well as play were (was) necessary. 

39. Bread and butter are (is) not sufficient. 

40. One of you are (is) wrong. 

41. No time, no money and no pains were (was) spared. 

42. Either the boy or his playmates know (knows) about it. 

43. Are (is) either of you going to-day? 

44. Nobody but the leaders go (goes) to the meeting. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR Iig 

45. All but him was (were) chosen to go. 

46. Any of those books tell (tells) of the battle. 

47. We are glad when any of them succeed (succeeds). 

48. Time, money, life itself are (is) not too much to give. 

49. Every teacher and pupil feel (feels) the inspiration. 

50. Not one of the men have (has) been promoted. 

51. There go (goes) Clara and her friends. 

52. A new variety of apples is (are) in the market. 

53. John or you or I is (am) to blame. 

54. Neither you nor I are (am) prepared. 

55. The jury are (is) eating dinner. 
'56. The audience is (are) using fans. 

57. The congregation are (is) regular in attendance. 

58. Seven added to three make (makes) ten. 

59. Six times five are (is) thirty. 

60. There was (were) hunger and cold to fight. 

61. Bring me one of the books that lie (lies) on the table. 

62. He gave one of the best addresses that has (have) been 
given. 

63. She and not her sisters expect (expects) to go abroad 
next year. ! 

64. Twenty pounds are (is) not sufficient. 

65. Three miles were (was) not very far. 

66. Two thirds of the trouble (was, were) avoided. 

67. Every one of them has (have) known it for some time. 

68. Part of those books belong (belongs) to Mary. 

69. We agree, say (says) they. 

70. One or the other have (has) made a mistake. 

71. Every book and paper has (have) been misplaced. 

72. The secretary and treasurer is (are) to be elected. 

73. His wages was (were) not high enough. 

74. Their wages is (are) about ten dollars a week. 



120 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

75. A number of her statements was (were) not correct. 

j6. Mrs. Clark, with her daughters, remain (remains) here 
during the summer. 

77. Mental, moral and physical training goes (go) hand in 
hand. 
Choose the correct form. 

1. I should not Jiave (went gone). 

2. Have you (hanged hung) the picture? 

3. The criminal was (hanged hung). 

4. I (suspect expect) he is the culprit. 

5. He (laid lay) down and fell asleep. 

6. Try to (raise rise) from the chair. 

7. He (sat set) the child in the chair. 

8. We (bade bid) them farewell then. 

9. They (rise arise) early in the morning. 

10. Silver has (flowed flown) into the treasury. 

11. Did Harry (accept except) the position? 

12. They left without (effecting affecting) their purpose. 

13. He (lay laid) the book on the table. 

14. The missing man has been (located found) in Chicago. 

15. I (esteem estimate) her for her own sake. 

16. We (began commenced) to read it yesterday. 

NOTES 

Use of shall, will, would, should, may and can. 

1. Shall, with the first person indicates simple futurity. 
Will, with the second or third, either singular or plural, denotes 
simple futurity. 

2. Will, with the first person indicates determination. 

3. In questions, shall is used with the first person. In the 
second and third persons, the auxiliary which is expected in the 
answer is used. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 121 

4. Shall is used with the second and third persons, when 
the agent controls the action. 

5. Will is used in the second and third persons to show 
courtesy. 

6. Should and would, being the past tenses of shall and will, 
generally follow the same rules. 

7. Can is used to denote power or possibility. 

8. May is used to denote permission. 
Distinguish between: — 

1. They will (shall) not be permitted to go. 

2. Shall (will) you be there to-day? 

3. I shall (will) not listen to it. 

4. He should (would) do as he liked. 

5. She says she shall (will) not be there. 

6. He thought they would (should) not go. 

7. We shall (will) hear that to-morrow. 

8. What shall (will) the admission be? 

9. You shall (will) go the next time we go. 

10. They thought he would (should) be ready. 

11. Shall (will) you be at home to-night? 

12. She shall (will) be rewarded. 

13. He thought there would (should) be an admission fee. 

14. He said he would (should) not come. 
''15. Do you think they would (should) go? 

16. Will (shall) they come? 

17. Shall (will) you grant his request? 

18. The man said the boy should (would) be sent at once. 

19. Shall (will) they come? 

20. You will (shall) be sorry for this. 

21. He will (shall) not see the book. 

22. He should (would) do it anyway. 

23. Can (may) you tell which it is? 

24. May (can) they take it away? 



122 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

In the following sentences fill the blanks with the 
proper auxiliary. Shall, will, should, would, may, can. 

i. you be there Friday? 

2. We have snow soon. 

3. we ask him to give the address? 

4. How you spend the money? 

5. I fear that you ; not be able to come. 

6. They wonder whether she come. 

7. I fear that we miss the car. 

8. He knew who betray him. 

9. We be pleased to have them come. 

10. She did better than I have done. 

11. he be allowed to do so? 

12. you be disappointed if they do not come? 

13. Hear me, for I speak. 

14. Though I receive a thousand thanks, I not 

do it. 

15. Where I leave the package? 

16. I like to know where the book is. 

17. He said that John go at once. 

18. If they i come now you be ready? 

19. If it storm we not go. 

20. I be fatigued if I walk too far. 

21. You stay at home to-day. 

22. you lend me your book? 

23. you spend the summer here? 

24. She says she see you soon. 

25. We expect to hear from you soon. 

26. I fear I not be able to go. 

27. If you be so fortunate as to get the position, I 

be glad if you let me know. 

28. We expected that she accept the position. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 123 

29. I go, if I could get away. 

30. If he fall, he be killed. 

31. we see you soon? 

^2. you see your mother then? 

33. I find him there, if I go now? 

34. he be too late if he start now? 

35. If you agree, I be glad. 

36. I go if the others . 

37. he help me, if I • ask it? 

38. Did he think I prepare it? 

39. you believe the story, if they prove it to you? 

40. When He appear, we be like him. 

41. you be sorry to leave Chicago? 

42. you visit me next summer? 

43. He tells me that he sail next month. 

44. you be at leisure after dinner? 

45. we have time to return home? 

46. there be time for us to return home? 

47. What we do without friends? 

48. we be excused now? 

49. you tell me which is right? 

50. they not be caught in the rain? 

51. they be induced to go? 

CONJUGATION 

Define Conjugation. What is the difference between con- 
jugation and synopsis? 

Forms of Conjugation. 

1. Common form. 

I see. 

2. Passive form. 

I am seen. 



124 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

3. Progressive form. 

I am seeing. 

4. Interrogative. 

Do I see? 

5. 'Negative. 

I see not. 

6. Emphatic. 

I do see. 

Form for Parsing the Verb. 

Regular or Irregular. 

Principal Parts. 

Transitive or Intransitive. 

Voice. 

Mode. 

Tense. 

Person. 

Number. 

Construction. 

THE VERBAL 
Classes. 

1. Infinitive. 

2. Participle. 

Classified according to Form. 

1. Regular. 

To fail, failed, having failed. 

2. Irregular. 

To be, being, having been. 

Classified according to Meaning. 

1. Transitive. 

To bear burdens, bearing burdens. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 125 

2. Intransitive. 

To go, going, having gone. 

Properties of the Verbal. 

1. Voive, Mode or Form, Tense. 

Participles of the Transitive Verb To See. 

Active Voice. Passive Voice. 

Present tense, seeing Being seen. 

Past tense, Seen. 

Present perfect tense, Having seen Having been seen. 

Progressive Form. 
Present perfect tense, Having been seeing. 

Participles of the Verb To Be. 

Present tense, Being. 

Past tense, Been. 

Present perfect tense, Having been. 

Participles of the Intransitive Verb To Go. 

Present tense, Going. 

Past tense, Gone. 

Present perfect tense, Having gone. 

Progressive Form. 
Having been going. 

Infinitives of the Transitive Verb To See. 

Active Voice. Passive Voice. 

Present. To see. To be seen. 

Present perfect. To have seen. To have been seen. 

Progressive Form. 
Present. To be seeing. 

Present perfect. To have been seeing. 



126 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

Infinitives of the Verb To Be. 

Present. To be. 

Present perfect. To have been. 

Infinitives of the Intransitive Verb To Go. 

Present. To go. 

Present perfect. To have gone. 

Progressive Form. 

Present. To be going. 

Present perfect. To have been going. 

QUESTIONS 

Are participles and infinitives ever used as predicates? 
If so, how? What is meant by an Infinitive Clause? How 
do verbals differ from verbs? Verbals are used as what part 
of speech? Should an adverb be placed between the parts of 
the infinitive? Do verbals have person and number? Why? 
Give six examples of the infinitive without the to expressed. 
How do you determine which form of the infinitive to use with 
the different tenses of the verb? Which is correct, I hoped to 
buy, or I hoped to have bought? What is the difference between 
the true participle and the participial or verbal noun? What is 
a gerund? An infinitive in 'nig'? 

Prove the followng sentences by putting nouns in 
the place of the participle: 

i. After zvaiting a. short time, we went on. 

2. By examining it, we learned the truth. 

3. On considering the matter, we decided to go. 

4. By asking, he obtained the information. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 127 

Make corrections in the sentences that follow: — 
i. I should like to have seen it. 

2. We have known people spend more in a week than 
they save in a year. 

3. It is better living (to live) on a little, than to be (being) 
in debt. 

4. If I bid you to study, dare you to be idle? 

5. Not a complaint was heard escape his lips. 

6. They don't go so often as they used to. 

7. I heard the noise of wheels, eating my supper. 

8. Decide to do your best and do it now. 

9. They intended to have gone yesterday. 

10. They were supposed to have done that before. 

11. I am glad to see (to have seen) Niagara Falls. 

12. He did as he was told to. 

13. To fully illustrate it will require effort. 

14. We intended going to-morrow. 

15. Being absent from the last recitation, he is unable to 
recite. 

16. I should like to have been there. 

17. To thoroughly do the work, one must study. 

18. We expected to have seen you to-morrow. 

19. I intended to have bought the picture. 

20. Would Clara have been willing to have gone with them? 
How to Parse Verbals. 

1. Class. 

Infinitive or Participle. 

2. Form. 

Regular or Irregular. 

3. Voice. 

4. Form. 

5. Tense. 

6. Construction. 



128 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

THE ADVERB. 

Classified according to Meaning. 

i. /Adverbs of time — now, often, etc. 

2. Adverbs of place — here there, etc. 

3. Adverbs of manner — well, bravely, etc. 

4. Adverbs of degree — too, little, etc. 

5. Adverbs of assertion — perhaps, probably, etc. 

Classified according to Use. 

1. Conjunctive Adverb. 

We will go zvhen the time comes. 

2. Relative Adverb. 

I know a spot where the violets grow. 

3. Interrogative Adverb. 

When are you going? 

4. Limiting Adverb. 

That is very good. He writes well. 

5. Adverbs of Position. 

There is a book on the table. 

Classified according to Form. 

1. Simple Adverbs. 

Here, nobly, now, etc. 

2. Phrase Adverbs. 

By and by, in general, at least, etc. 

QUESTIONS 

Give other examples of all the terms used above. What 
is an adverb? What parts of speech do adVerbs modify? How 
is the used as an adverb? How are as and as used? How are 
so and as used? Use like and near as adverbs, and explain their 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 129 

use. Show how an adverb modifies a phrase. A clause. Give 
six phrase adverbs. How do some of these differ from prepo- 
sitional phrases? How are adverbs used as nouns? Explain 
the use of only as an adverb. Show how adverbs follow such 
words as grow, look, taste, sounds, etc. Are adverbs inflected? 
How? Give the degrees of comparison. Compare twelve ad- 
verbs. What are Responsives? 

Note. — If the word follows the verb and describes the 
action expressed by the verb, it is generally an adverb; if it 
follows a verb of being or state of being aftd applies to the 
subject, it is generally an adjective. 

EXERCISES TO BE CORRECTED 



I 

2 

3 

4 

6 

7 
8, 

9 
io 
ii 

12 

13 

14 
15 
16 

17 

i& 

19 



We always should do our duty. 

They should not go there, by no means. 

Do not grasp the pen so tight. 

John is not as tall as his brother. 

Will you repeat the stanza over again? 

The sick child is some better to-day. 

Did he say he should go, or no? 

A dipthong is where two vowels are sounded together. 

They seemed to be nearly made alike. 

This is no good for that purpose. 

The lady was very frightened. 

He was so quiet, that nobody did not suspect him. 

He was too enraged to speak. 

I was that faint, I could hardly walk. 

It is rarely that such a thing happens. 

When the kite was about that high, it fell. 

I only went to the corner. 

The mountain is not exceeding high and steep. 

I shall first notice how you do it. 



130 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

20. He struggled manly and has succeeded. 

21. The farmer can easier raise corn than wheat. 

22. She is not such an amiable woman as her sister. 

23. Henry is as (so) tall as his brother, but not as (so) tall 
as his father. 

24. We only eat three meals a day. 

25. I returned back here yesterday. 

26. A quotation is when the words of another are given. 

27. That belief is universally held by all. 

28. It could be done easier than that. 

29. Most any one can tell you the way. 

30. He came very prompt, and began at once. 

31. Have you most finished your lesson? 

32. They go south most every winter. 

33. There were less people than we expected. 

34. We have not near finished yet. 

35. We have fewer than half a barrel of apples. 

36. We will walk further the next time. 

37. He is something like his sister. 

38. Which do you prefer most, tea or coffee? 

39. It looks like it would rain. 

40. We will not talk farther on the subject now. 

41. Mary looks real well since her return. 

42. I cannot but be sorry for him. 

42. He did not apply himself as close as he should have 
done. ' 

44. You are very mistaken. 

45. It was not such a pleasing picture as the first. 

46. This is not such a book as that. 

47. These terms are nearer related. 

48. Few countries enjoy such mild climate. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR I3I 

Which form is preferable? 

1. He read slow (slowly) and seemed to be interested. 

2. She dressed richly (rich). 

3. The child looks beautifully (beautiful). 

4. The fox is an exceeding (exceedingly) artful animal. 

5. She looked charming (charmingly) last evening. 

6. The moon looks calm (calmly) down. 

7. The lake looks calm (calmly) to-night. 

8. The child behaved very badly (bad). 

9. She learns music easy (easily) enough. 

10. lAre they coming? Surely (sure). 

11. The judge could scarce (scarcely) control his voice. 

12. He writes plainer (more plainly) than he used to write. 

13. How sweetly (sweet) the lilacs smell. 

14. She is singing softly (soft) and low. 

15. The blast blew fiercely (fierce) around the peak. 

16. The cry sounded loudly (loud). 

17. You have conducted yourself proper (properly). 

18. He acted differently (different) from his brother. 

19. The water tasted very strong (strongly) of sulphur. 

20. The gale blew strong (strongly) all day. 

21. They looked coldly (cold) on the proposition to go. 

22. You can ill (illy) afford to do that. 

23. You shall not live by bread only (alone). 

24. 'They live freely (free) from care. 

25. He spoke his mind free (freely) on the subject. 

26. Lincoln stood firmly (firm) by his principles. 

2J. The tree stands firmly (firm) rooted in the ground. 

28. Walk as quiet (quietly) as you can. 

29. He lives best who acts noblest (most nobly). 

30. You have paid dearly (dear) for the whistle. 

31. It happened contrarily (contrary) to my expectations. 



132 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 



32 



The moon shines bright (brightly) on the lake. 



33. The wind blows fresh (freshly) from the north. 

34. The country looks finely (fine). 

35. His words were exceeding (exceedingly) harsh. 

36. You speak different (differently) than you did. 

37. This can be done easy (easily) enough. 

38. I will go almost (most) any time you choose. 

39. They felt badly (bad) over the result. 

40. My head feels bad (badly) to-day. \ 

41. The game was played poor (poorly). 

42. That was bought very reasonably (reasonable). 

43. These terms are nearer (more nearly) related. 

Parse the adverbs in any of the preceding groups 
of sentences. 

THE PREPOSITION 
Classification. 

1. Simple. 

With, for, by, etc. 

2. Compound. 

Without, underneath, upon, etc. 

3. Having the form of the present participle. 

Saving, touching, excepting, etc. 

4. Phrase prepositions. 

Because of, in case of, by means of, etc. 

QUESTIONS 

Define preposition. Define the terms used above, and give 
other examples of each. How may an adjective and adverb 
be used as base of a preposition? Show how many prepositions 
may be used as adverbs. Show how prepositions become con- 
junctions. Give examples of but and save used as prepositions. 



STUDIES IN ENGUSH GRAMMAR I33 

EXERCISES 

Use these words in sentences followed by the prep- 
ositions, and notice the difference in meaning. 

Accountable to, for, Advantage of, over, 

Agree to, with, Angry at, with, 

Answer for, to, Ambition for, of, 

Bargain for, with, Call at, for, in, on, 

Connect with, to, Correspond with, to, 

Possessed by, of, with, Secure against, from, of. 

Use the correct form in the blanks. 
Among, Between. 

1. The money was divided the two boys. 

2. The apples were divided the pupils. 

3. I have no choice many of Whittier's poems. 

4. the two, there is little choice. 

By, With. 

1. The house is built of brick the men. 

2. The old sailor entertained us the story. 

3. He went the old castle a party of friends. 

4. He struck the boy ; the whip. 

5. The horse was struck the man. 

6. :We were pleased the appearance of the report. 

7. It was great difficulty that they succeeded. 

At, In, Into. 

1. He was educated Harvard. 

2. She fell the water. 

3. The train stopped Marion. 

4. We shall soon arrive Chicago. 

5. We stopped the farm house. 

6. Put the letter the desk. 



134 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

7. Go the house. 

8. He threw the ball the well. 

9. They wished to stop many places Ohio. 

10. Put more life — — your writing. 

Correct the errors : — 

1. He came here at about three o'clock. 

2. They said for us to go at once. 

3. Lincoln differed with Grant in appearance. 

4. Take the book off of the table. 

5. They admitted of the fact. 

6. The cause is worthy of our help. 

7. I have never met with you before. 

8. The traitor was banished the country. 

9. It was the size of a man's hand. 

10. He received letters from Spain and Austria. 

11. She is indignant with her conduct. 

12. His preaching is different to his practice. 

13. They are spending the winter at New York. 

14. He is in need for money. 

15. Butter brings twenty cents for a pound. 

16. There is no use fretting about it. 

17. We started for home immediately. 

18. What benefit can it be to any one. 

19. She was presented with a fine new piano. 

20. It was meant for you instead of for him. 

21. Mr. Carnegie is liberal with his money. 

22. The children are insensible to their danger. 

23. The child died with the croup. 

24. Cuba is now independent from Spain. 

25. This house is different to that. 

Parse the prepositions in any of the foregoing 
exercises. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 135 

THE CONJUNCTION 
Classes. 

i. Co-ordinate. 
Copulative. 

The book is good and I like it. 
1 Adversative. 

You may go, but I dislike to have you go. 
Alternative. 

He or you must go (not both). 
Causal. 
You are faithful, therefore you will do well. 

2. Correlative. 

Either — or, neither — nor, both — and, etc. 

3. Subordinate. 

If, than, because, for, etc. 
Phrase Conjunctions. 
As well as, as if, as sure as, etc. 

QUESTIONS 

Define conjunction. Define and illustrate each term used 
above. What is the difference between a conjunction and a 
connective? How do conjunctions resemble prepositions? Ex- 
plain the use of correlatives. Explain the use of whether and if. 
Use for, until, before and after as conjunctions. 

Use the correct word in each blank, and show that 
"like" is not a conjunction: — 

As, As if, Like. 
1.. I do not know he will go. 

2. He looks his father. 

3. We wish to do just they do. 

4. The man acted he were guilty. 



I36 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

5. The room looked fairyland. 

6. They came just we were starting. 

7. She is studying music her sister did. 

8. I wish I could sing she can. 

9. They treated him he were a child. 

10. Do the work — — we do it. 

Use the correct word in the blanks. 

If, Whether. 

1. I do not know he will go. 

2. he will go or not, remains to be seen. 

3. She asked me this were correct. 

4. he will go, let him say so. 

5. She did not say they would come. 

Without, Unless. 

1. Stay here, you hear from me. 

2. We can not go their consent. 

3. that is finished, we must remain here. 

4. He can not be convicted being guilty. 

5. The grass will not grow it rains. 

6. There was nothing wrong it was that. 

Correct these sentences. 

1. Neither tear or soil your books. 

2. Come and see me soon. ■ 

3. It is not as large as this. 

4. A noun is nothing else but a name. 

5. A diamond is nothing else but carbon. 

6. I do not know but what he did it. 

7. She will either sail to-morrow or Monday. 

8. Try and come as soon as you can. 

9. Give me neither riches or poverty. 

10. Who doubts but what two and three are five. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 137 

To Parse a Conjunction. 

Class. 

Sub-class. 
Elements connected. 

THE INTERJECTION 

QUESTIONS 

Define interjection. Give examples of interjections show- 
ing sorrow, surprise, pain, and contempt. How is an interjec- 
tion used in the sentence? What is the difference between an 
interjection and an exclamation? What is a phrase-interjec- 
tion? How is an interjection parsed? 

Parse the words in the following sentences: — 

1. Why does he go, when he knows there is danger? 

2. If my friend were in town, I should know it. 

3. He might have known better. 

4. He ought to have gone as soon as he received the letter. 

5. Go at once and see that the matter is attended to. 

6. He will have been governor three months then. 

7. If they had desired you to go, they would have asked 
you. 

8. We should have enjoyed it more, had you been with us. 

9. He has done so well this time that they are willing he 
should try again. 

10. Roy was skating, when his father called him. 

11. Oh. Yes! we all knew him at once. 

12. Having heard of the accident, we called to see whether 
they wished to return home. 

13. He is seventy years old but he is still strong. 

14. That worn old book is very dear to him. 



I38 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

WORDS HAVING SEVERAL DIFFERENT USES 

Above. 

1. Noun, — The light comes from above. 

2. Adjective, — Go to the room above. 

3. Adverb, — The sailor went above. 

4. Preposition, — Put this book above that one. 

Aw* 

1. Noun, — He lost his all in the conflict. 

2. Pronominal Adjective, — All men are mortal. 

3. Adjective Pronoun, — All were pleased. 

4. Adverb, — That is all wrong. 

As. 

1. Relative Pronoun, — Here are such books as you like. 

2. Adverb of Manner, — He did as he thought best. 

3. Adverb of Degree, — This is as good as that. 

4. Introductory word, — He went as a friend. 

5. Part of Prepositional Phrase, — As ior us, we will stay 
here. 

6. Phrase Conjunction, — The captain as well as the crew 
was drowned. 

But. 

1. Relative Pronoun, — There is no one but knows it. 

2. Adverb, — He is but a poor old man. 

3. Conjunction, — He is a good orator, but not a good 
speaker. 

4. Preposition, — No one came but Mary. 

Better. 

1. Noun, — They are not our betters. 

2. Adjective, — The patient is better to-day. 

3. Verb, — They better their condition by doing so. 

4. Adverb, — Try to do better another time. 



studies in english grammar i39 

Like. 

1. Noun, — His like has rarely been seen. 

2. Adjective, — Like causes produce like results. 

3. Verb, — We like the book. 

4. Adverb, — They fought like tigers. 

Only. 

1. Adjective, — Only ladies were present. 

2. Adverb, — We are healthy only in pure atmosphere. 

3. Conjunction, — You may go, only do not stay long. 

Still. 

Noun, — In the still of night, I heard the sound. 
Adjective, — The lake was still and clear. 
Adverb, — The old house still stands. 
Verb, — Christ stills the tempest. 
Conjunction, — It is not large, still it will do. 

That. 

Noun, — That that is a noun. 
Relative Pronoun, — It is the one that I want. 
Conjunctive Pronoun, — I know that is true. 
Pronominal Adjective, — That orange is sweet. 
Demonstrative Pronoun, — That is surely true. 
Introductory Connective, — I know that he is there. 
Subordinate Conjunction, — Study that you may succeed. 

There. 

1. Expletive or Adverb of Position, — There were only ten 
persons present. 

2. Adverb, — Place it there, on the table. 

3. Adjective, — We were there five minutes (Mead). 

4. Interjection, — "There\ little girl; don't cry." 



140 studies in english grammar 

Who. 

i. Relative Pronoun, — She is the lady who was here. 

2. Conjunctive Pronoun, — I know who was here. 

3. Interrogative Pronoun, — Who did it? 

Which. 

1. Relative Pronoun, — The one which I wanted is not here, 

2. Interrogative Pronoun, — Which did you take? 

3. Interrogative Adjective, — Which one did you take? 

4. Connective Adjective, — I know which one you took. 

5. Conjunctive Pronoun, — He asked which he should take. 

What. 

1. Conjunctive Pronoun, — He asked what we wanted. 

2. Conjunctive Adjective, — We know what work he did. 

3. Interrogative Pronoun, — What do they say. 

4. Interjection, — What\ can it be true? 

5. Interrogative Adjective, — What mountains are these? 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 141 

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142 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

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STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 143 

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FEB 13 1905 

I44 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

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